Revisiting The Original Ghosh Model: Can It Be More Plausible?

We reconsider in this paper the alleged implausibility of Ghosh’s model and we do so reformulating the model to incorporate an alternative closure rule. Our proposed closure rule is in line with the original allocation rules defined by A. Ghosh. The closure solves, to some extent, the implausibility problem that was pointed out by Oosterhaven for then value–added is correctly computed and responsive to allocation changes resulting from supply shocks. Some numerical examples illustrate the sectoral and aggregate consistency of the allocation equilibrium.Multi-sectoral Input-Output Models, Market Economy, Planned Economy

RETHINKING ECONOMY-WIDE REBOUND MEASURES: AN UNBIASED PROPOSAL

In spite of having been first introduced in the last half of the ninetieth century, the debate about the possible rebound effects from energy efficiency improvements is still an open question in the economic literature. This paper contributes to the existing research on this issue proposing an unbiased measure for economy-wide rebound effects. The novelty of this economy-wide rebound measure stems from the fact that not only actual energy savings but also potential energy savings are quantified under general equilibrium conditions. Our findings indicate that the use of engineering savings instead of general equilibrium potential savings downward biases economy-wide rebound effects and upward-biases backfire effects. The discrepancies between the traditional indicator and our proposed measure are analysed in the context of the Spanish economy.

A COMPARISON OF INPUT-OUTPUT MODELS:GHOSH REDUCES TO LEONTIEF (BUT 'CLOSING' GHOSH MAKES IT MORE PLAUSIBLE)

Ghosh's model is discussed in this paper under two alternative scenarios. In an open version we compare it with Leontief's model and prove that they reduce to each other under some specific productive conditions. We then move onto reconsidering Ghosh's model alleged implausibility and we do so reformulating the model to incorporate a closure rule. The closure solves, to some extent, the implausibility problem very clearly put out by Oosterhaven for then value-added is correctly computed and responsive to allocation changes resulting from supply shocks.Multi-sectoral Input-Output Models, Market Economy, Planned Economy.

BUDGET CONSTRAINED EXPENDITURE MULTIPLIERS

We show that standard expenditure multipliers capture economy-wide effects of new government projects only when financing constraints are not binding. In actual policy making, however, new projects usually need financing. Under liquidity constraints, new projects are subject to two opposite effects: an income effect and a set of spending substitution effects. The former is the traditional, unrestricted, multiplier effect; the latter is the result of expenditure reallocation to upheld effective financing constraints. Unrestricted multipliers will therefore be, as a general rule, upward biased and policy designs based upon them should be reassessed in the light of the countervailing substitution effects.Government multipliers, fiscal stimulus, expenditures substitution effects

A NON-POSSIBILITY THEOREM FOR JOINT-STABILITY IN INTERINDUSTRY MODELS

Joint-stability in interindustry models relates to the mutual simultaneous consistency of the demand-driven and supply-driven models of Leontief and Ghosh, respectively. Previous work has claimed joint-stability to be an acceptable assumption from the empirical viewpoint, provided only small changes in exogenous variables are considered. We show in this note, however, that the issue has deeper theoretical roots and offer an analytical demonstration that shows the impossibility of consistency between demand-driven and supply- driven models.: Interindustry modeling, joint-stability, demand-driven, supply-driven.

An operational, nonlinear input-output system

We develop a scale-dependent nonlinear input-output model which is a practical alternative to the conventional linear counterpart. The model contemplates the possibility of different assumptions on returns to scale and is calibrated in a simple manner that closely resembles the usual technical coefficient calibration procedure. Multiplier calculations under this nonlinear version offer appropriate interval estimates that provide information on the effectiveness and variability of demand-driven induced changes in equilibrium magnitudes. In addition, and unlike linear multipliers, the nonlinear model allows us to distinguish between physical and cost effects, the reason being that the traditional dichotomy between the price and quantity equations of linear models no longer holds. We perform an empirical implementation of the nonlinear model using recent interindustry data for Brazil, China and United States. When evaluating the robustness of the derived marginal output multipliers and the induced costs effects under the nonlinear approach, the results indicate that marginal indicators in physical terms can be perfectly used to infer average impacts; this is not the case, however, for the derived costs effects where average measures are seen to be more adequate. At the computational level, the analysis proves the operational applicability of the nonlinear system while at the methodological level shows that scale effects are relevant in determining sectoral multiplier

Comparison of Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness Measurements in Healthy Subjects Using Fourier and Time Domain Optical Coherence Tomography

Purpose. To compare the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) measurements using two different ocular coherence tomography (OCT) devices: Cirrus Fourier domain OCT and Stratus time domain OCT. To analyze reproducibility of Fourier domain measurements in healthy subjects. Methods. One hundred and thirty-two eyes of 132 healthy subjects were scaned on the same day with both instruments, separated by 10 minutes from each other. Thickness of quadrant, average and the 12 different areas around the optic nerve were compared between Cirrus and Stratus. Repeatability, intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs), and coefficients of variation (COVs) were calculated in RNFL measurements provided by Fourier domain device. Results. The average thickness in the optic cube was 95.50 μm using Cirrus and 97.85 μm using Stratus. Average thickness and temporal quadrant showed significant differences using Cirrus and Stratus methods. Reproducibility was better with Fourier domain OCT (mean COV of 4.54%) than with Stratus time-domain OCT (mean COV of 5.57%). Conclusions. Both scan options give reproducible RNFL thickness measurement, but there are differences between them. Measurements obtained using Fourier domain device show better reproducibility

To learn a tale…in a day: “Winnie the witch”. Propuesta de sesiones para la asignatura de inglés en Educación Primaria para un colegio de difícil desempeño

El objetivo principal de este trabajo es realizar una propuesta didáctica en la que, no solo analicemos la nueva ley y la metodología que usamos para enseñar la segunda lengua en la escuela; sino también, la importancia del uso de los cuentos en la enseñanza actual y en lengua extranjera: inglés, en particular. Con las explicaciones teóricas pretendemos contextualizar la metodología usada en el aula y a través de la propuesta didáctica explicar como de un solo recurso se pueden realizar sesiones diferentes para toda la etapa de Educación Primaria. Esta propuesta se basa en las condiciones actuales que nos encontramos en algunos centros en los que, en ocasiones, carecemos de material escrito en inglés variado y graduado a la edad de los alumnos. Es por esto, que la finalidad de este Trabajo de Fin de Grado es la de demostrar la utilidad del uso del cuento y proporcionar ideas para realizar sesiones adaptadas a los diferentes niveles de Educación Primaria.Grado en Educación Primari

Variability in Healthcare Expenditure According to the Stratification of Adjusted Morbidity Groups in the Canary Islands (Spain).

Morbidity is the main item in the distribution of expenditure on healthcare services. The Adjusted Morbidity Group (AMG) measures comorbidity and complexity and classifies the patient into mutually exclusive clinical categories. The aim of this study is to analyse the variability of healthcare expenditure on users with similar scores classified by the AMG. Observational analytical and retrospective study. Population: 1,691,075 subjects, from Canary Islands (Spain), aged over 15 years with data from health cards, clinical history, Basic Minimum Specialised Healthcare Data Set, AMG, hospital agreements information system and Electronic Prescriptions. A descriptive, bivariant (ANOVA coefficient η2) and multivariant analysis was conducted. There is a correlation between the costs and the weight of AMG (rho = 0.678) and the prescribed active ingredients (rho = 0.689), which is smaller with age and does not exist with the other variables. As for the influence of the AMG morbidity group on the total costs of the patient, the coefficient η2 (0.09) obtains a median effect in terms of the variability of expenditure, hence there is intra- and inter-group variability in the cost. In a first model created with all the variables and the cost, an explanatory power of 36.43% (R2 = 0.3643) was obtained; a second model that uses solely active ingredients, AMG weight, being female and a pensioner obtained an explanatory power of 36.4%. There is room for improvement in terms of predicting the expenditure.S

La presencia de la Educación Intercultural en un aula de cinco años

El gran cambio social que se está produciendo en el siglo XXI se muestra en nuestro día a día. Las migraciones provocan, cada vez más, una indiferencia e incluso un rechazo de lo distinto, “del otro”. La diversidad cultural está cada vez más presente en nuestras vidas y por tanto en las aulas. Por esto, se hace imprescindible introducir en la enseñanza y en la formación del maestro la Educación Intercultural. Querer conocer “al otro” y que este nos quiera conocer desde el respeto mutuo, viendo las diferencias, pero también las semejanzas, será el objetivo a conseguir en la Educación Intercultural. En este trabajo se ha planteado el diseño de una intervención educativa centrada en la Educación Intercultural y su implementación en un aula de cinco años.Departamento de Didáctica de las Ciencias Sociales y ExperimentalesGrado en Educación Infanti