How can teachers motivate students to participate in physical education?

Bacheloroppgave, faglærerutdanning i kroppsøving og idrettsfag, 2013Forfatter Ingrid Dahl Oppgavetittel Hvordan kan lærere motivere elever til å delta i kroppsøving? Problemstilling Hvordan kan kroppsøvingslærere motivere elever som ikke liker kroppsøving til å delta? Teori Forskningen innebefatter nøkkelbegreper som: endringer i læreplanen, motivasjon, målorienteringsteori, psykologisk læringsklima, selvbestemmelsesteori, lærerens rolle og kjønnsforskjeller i kroppsøving. Metode Den kvalitative forskningsmetoden ble brukt i denne oppgaven. Her ble det brukt totalt 2 intervjuobjekter. Resultater Resultatene fremstår under hvert punkt som er tatt ut fra intervjuguiden. Punktene er: deltagelse i kroppsøving, om de er aktive på fritiden, hvor motiverte de er, mestringsfølelsen de har, forholdet til kroppsøvingslæreren og hvordan miljøet påvirker de. Diskusjon Resultatene blir drøftet opp mot læringsklima, lærerollen, motivasjon og kjønnsdeling i kroppsøving. Konklusjon En endelig konklusjon av forskningen drøftet opp mot teorien. Denne studien viser at lærerens rolle har stor innvirkning på elevenes motivasjon. Blant annet gjennom å gi oppmuntrende tilbakemeldinger, valgmuligheter og prøve å oppnå innsats og mestringfølelese hos elevene. Nøkkelord Motivasjon, lærerens rolle, kjønnsforskjeller, Selvbestemmelsesteorien

Norwegian PE-teachers’ perception of public health: a qualitative case study

English abstract: In recent years there has been extensive interest in physical educations (PE) role in promoting healthy, active lifestyles. However, there has been little research on how PE-teachers’ perceive their roles in public health terms. This study looks at how Norwegian PE-teachers perceive their roles in public health; in other words, what they think their role is. A total of 11 PE-teachers from three different secondary schools were interviewed in this study. The main research question in this study is: “How do Norwegian PE-teachers perceive their roles in public health terms?” A qualitative approach has been used in the development of this study. This has been based on a typical case study, in which grounded theory is used as an analytical tool. In order to be able to understand how PE-teachers perceive their roles in public health terms, semi-structure, interviews have been conducted by having an interview guide. The findings-chapter is divided into five main categories: (i) PE-teachers’ understanding of the terms health and public health, (ii) PE-teachers’ perceptions of the role of PE in public health, (iii) PE-teachers’ perceptions of their own roles as teachers of PE in public health, (iv) PE-teachers’ perceptions of health in the national curriculum and the Year Plan for PE and (v) PE-teachers’ perceptions of the health of their students. Further on, the findings are discussed by including existing previous research and key concept in the Discussion-chapter. The conclusion will highlight the significant outcomes of this study, as well as strengths, limitations and proposals for future research. This study shows that the PE-teachers were agreeing on the fact that PE could and should have a role in public health terms. It was therefore interesting that none of the PE-teachers seemed to use much or any time in PE to either talk about health or teaching PE with a public health meaning or in a health-promoting way. Even though around 80 % of the teachers were unsure about their knowledge of whether ‘health’ was mentioned in the national curriculum or not, they expressed the importance of including ‘health’ in PE. Still, the PE-teachers’ perception considering their students health seemed to be participation, engagement and their sport-skills. As a final conclusion, this study will show, in accordance to other research, that the PE-teacher were attached by a sporting and/or fitness ideology. 4 Key words: Physical education, PE-teachers, health, public health

The hospital anxiety and depression rating scale: A cross-sectional study of psychometrics and case finding abilities in general practice

BACKGROUND: General practitioners' (GPs) diagnostic skills lead to underidentification of generalized anxiety disorders (GAD) and major depressive episodes (MDE). Supplement of brief questionnaires could improve the diagnostic accuracy of GPs for these common mental disorders. The aims of this study were to examine the usefulness of The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Rating Scale (HADS) for GPs by: 1) Examining its psychometrics in the GPs' setting; 2) Testing its case-finding properties compared to patient-rated GAD and MDE (DSM-IV); and 3) Comparing its case finding abilities to that of the GPs using Clinical Global Impression-Severity (CGI-S) rating. METHODS: In a cross-sectional survey study 1,781 patients in three consecutive days in September 2001 attended 141 GPs geographically spread in Norway. Sensitivity, specificity, optimal cut off score, and Area under the curve (AUC) for the HADS and the CGI-S were calculated with Generalized Anxiety Questionnaire (GAS-Q) as reference standard for GAD, and Depression Screening Questionnaire (DSQ) for MDE. RESULTS: The HADS-A had optimal cut off ≥8 (sensitivity 0.89, specificity 0.75), AUC 0.88 and 76% of patients were correctly classified in relation to GAD. The HADS-D had by optimal cut off ≥8 (sensitivity 0.80 and specificity 0.88) AUC 0.93 and 87% of the patients were correctly classified in relation to MDE. Proportions of the total correctly classified at the CGI-S optimal cut-off ≥3 were 83% of patients for GAD and 81% for MDE. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that addition of the patients' HADS scores to GPs' information could improve their diagnostic accuracy of GAD and MDE

Lean Production og sikkerhet i forsvarsindustrien. En teoretisk fortolkende casestudie av en norsk forsvarsbedrift

I følge Arbeidstilsynet er industrien en næring med mange registrerte skader og ulykker, og er en av fire næringer med flest arbeidsskadedødsfall. Bedrifter tilknyttet forsvarsindustrien håndterer blant annet ammunisjon, kjemikalier, sprengstoff og eksplosiver. Feil i denne type industri kan derfor medføre ulykker med alvorlige konsekvenser for liv, helse og miljø, og er dermed avhengig av et høyt sikkerhetsnivå. Fevolden, Andås, and Christiansen (2009) viser imidlertid at forsvarsindustrien har høy kompetanse innen sikkerhet med godt utviklede sikkerhetssystemer. Ledelses- og virksomhetsfilosofien Lean har fått global utbredelse og blir stadig mer populær. Varianten Lean Production benyttes i enkelte industrivirksomheter som bedriver masseproduksjon av varer og tjenester (Johnstad, Giæver, Holtskog, & Strand, 2012). Denne studien har sett nærmere på hvordan Lean Production kan påvirke sikkerheten i forsvarsindustrien sett i lys av fire ulike teoretiske perspektiver på sikkerhet og tidligere forskning. Formålet med studien har vært å kaste lys over en relevant og dagsaktuell tematikk. Problemstillingen som studien har hatt til hensikt å besvare er: Hvordan kan Lean Production påvirke sikkerheten i forsvarsindustrien? Studien er gjennomført som en fortolkende casestudie av en norsk forsvarsbedrift som benytter Lean Production, og er således valgt ut på bakgrunn av dens relevans og aktualitet opp mot studiens problemstilling. Studien har primært en kvalitativ tilnærming, men den har imidlertid et flermetode design med anvendelse av både kvalitative og kvantitative metoder. Det empiriske datamaterialet er et resultat av ni individuelle forskningsintervjuer, en spørreundersøkelse, deltakende observasjon og intern statistikk hentet fra casebedriftens rapporteringssystem. Funnene i studien tyder på at Lean Production kan bidra til økt kommunikasjons- og informasjonsflyt vedrørende sikkerhet og en oppfattelse av HMS som et felles ansvarsområde uavhengig av avdeling eller stilling. Studien tyder videre på at Lean Production har potensial til å styrke organisatorisk sikkerhetsforståelse, sikkerhetskultur og resiliens, og bidra til økt sikkerhet i forsvarsindustrien. Disse positive effektene forutsetter imidlertid en god strategi for implementering, gode og tydelige prioriteringer, riktig anvendelse av Lean verktøyene, ivaretakelse og verdsettelse av de ansatte og deres erfaring og kompetanse, samt involvering av ansatte i sentrale drifts- forbedrings- og beslutningsprosesser. Sist, men ikke minst, er en tett oppfølging av selve implementeringsprosessen helt avgjørende for å lykkes med Lean arbeidet

Environmental implication of iodine in water, milk and other foods used in Saharawi refugees camps in Tindouf, Algeria

A cross-sectional survey among Saharawi refugees in four camps carried out in 2007 revealed enlarged thyroid volume and high urinary iodine concentration in women and school children. The purpose of this paper is to describe the content of iodine in food and water and explore whether any sources in the environment can explain the situation. Samples of water (n = 143), milk (n = 19) and salt (n = 89) were collected. Different wells supplied the camps with water and the median iodine concentration was 108 mg/L (range 55–545 mg/L) and significantly higher in two of the camps (El Aiune and Ausserd; 300 mg/L (range 55–545 mg/L)), compared to the two other camps (Smara; 87 mg/L (55–127 mg/L) and Dakla; 70 mg/L (55–96 mg/L)). In local goat milk the median iodine concentration was 370 mg/L (70– 13,070 mg/L). The median content of iodine in salt was 6 mg/g (0–51 mg/g). Water and local milk were the most important sources of iodine for women. High levels of iodine in water seem to be one of the main sources of iodine that affects humans as well as animal

High iodine content in local animal milk and risk of exceeding EFSA upper intake level for iodine among Saharawi women

Excessive iodine intake is a major public health problem in the Saharawi refugee camps in Algeria, where animal milk is an important source of iodine. The purpose of this study was to assess the association between iodine concentrations in locally produced animal milk and in animal drinking water and further to assess the risk of exceeding European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) tolerable upper intake level for iodine (600 μg/d) among Saharawi women. In 2009 and 2010, 202 milk samples from goats and sheep and 52 milk samples from camel were collected. Iodine in milk was determined by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). In addition, iodine in 56 water samples from the general water system and 54 water samples from wells, was determined by modified Sandell-Kolthoff reaction. Animal milk is generally consumed mixed with water. The median (min, max) iodine intake from goat/sheep milk mixed with water in camps with high iodine content in human drinking water was 284 (57, 2889) μg/d and 19% of participants exceeded EFSA upper intake level for iodine. The median (min, max) iodine intake from camel milk mixed with water in all camps was 2100 (210, 11100) and 47% of participants exceeded the EFSA upper intake level. The median (min, max) iodine content in goat/sheep milk from camps with moderate and high iodine content in water was 507 (101, 4791) μg/L and 1612 (487, 9323) μg/L, respectively (p < 0.001). The iodine content in goat/sheep milk was positively associated with iodine content in animal drinking water (regression coefficient, B 5.71, 95% CI 4.03, 7.39). In conclusion, consumption of camel milk and living in camps with high water iodine content increased the risk of exceeding the EFSA upper intake level for iodine. We suggest that purified water for both human and animal consumption should be provided.publishedVersio

Associations between annual and seasonal variations in body mass and reproductive success and blood biochemical parameters in semi-domesticated reindeer

The main objective of the study was to follow reproductive performance and blood biochemical parameters associated with fat and carbohydrate metabolism in a herd of free-ranging, semi-domesticated reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) over a two-year period, with extreme between-year variation in forage availability. The effects of climatic factors on reindeer reproductive performance were investigated by analysing whether time of onset of luteal function in autumn and calf survival were associated with changes in body mass and weather conditions, such as snow depth, precipitation, and temperature. Considerable between-year variation in the onset of luteal activity was found. In 1997, 4.2% of the female reindeer were either cycling or pregnant in the second week of October, whilst in 1998, in the same week, 100% were cycling or pregnant. Although energy balance was important for timing of the onset of luteal activity, delayed conception had no apparent effect on calf survival. The results indicated that maternal body mass (BM) in spring was of primary importance for calf survival, and the productivity of the herd. Since climatic factors influence the availability of forage, and hence female BM, it also has an indirect impact on calf survival. Females with low BM demonstrated greater seasonal variation in BM than heavier females. Plasma concentrations of free fatty acids and &beta;-hydroxy butyric acid responded to changes in forage availability, but the initial condition of the reindeer and their fat reserves also seemed to have a major influence on these parameters.Abstract in Norwegian / Sammendrag:Sammenheng mellom &aring;rs- og sesongvariasjon i kroppsvekt og henholdsvis reproduksjonssuksess og biokjemiske blodparametre hos tamreinHovedform&aring;let med studien var &aring; f&oslash;lge reproduksjonen og blodparametre knyttet til fett og karbohydratmetabolismen hos en tamreinflokk (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) gjennom en to&aring;rs periode med stor &aring;rlig variasjon i n&aelig;ringstilgang. Effekten av klima p&aring; reinens reproduksjonssuksess ble unders&oslash;kt ved &aring; analysere om v&aelig;rdata som sn&oslash;dybde, nedb&oslash;rsmengde og temperatur og forandringer i vekt hadde innvirkning p&aring; igangsetting av lutealfunksjonen hos simlene og p&aring; kalvenes overlevingsevne gjennom sommeren. Det ble funnet en betydelig forskjell mellom &aring;r n&aring;r det gjaldt igangsetting av lutealfunksjon. I oktober 1997, var kun 4,2% av simlene drektige eller i lutealfasen av brunstsyklusen mens i den samme uken i 1998 var alle dyrene drektige eller i brunstens lutealfase. Selv om energibalanse var viktig for igangsetting av lutealfunksjonen, hadde forsinkelse i drektighetene ingen innflytelse p&aring; kalveoverlevelsen. Resultatene v&aring;re indikerte at simlenes v&aring;rvekt var av st&oslash;rst betydning for kalveoverlevelsen, og dermed ogs&aring; for produktiviteten til flokken. Siden de til enhver tid gjeldene v&aelig;rforhold p&aring;virket tilgangen av f&ocirc;r, p&aring;virket dette ogs&aring; simlenes vekt med en indirekte effekt p&aring; kalveoverlevelsen. Simler med lav levendevekt viste st&oslash;rre sesongvariasjon i vekt enn tyngre simler. Plasmakonsentrasjonen av frie fettsyrer, &beta;-hydroxy-sm&oslash;rsyre forandret seg i takt med beitegrunnlaget, men den initiale kondisjonen og fettreservene hos simlene syntes ogs&aring; &aring; p&aring;virke disse parametrene

Medlemsdrevet innovasjon i samvirkeorganisasjoner: En aksjonsstudie

BAKGRUNN: I det norske landbruket er samvirke en viktig organisasjonsform som sikrer bønder økonomisk stabilitet og langsiktighet. Samvirket Nortura består av 17 000 medlemmer og står overfor et hardt presset matmarked. Med en demokratisk medlemsstruktur og en tradisjonell innovasjonsprosess gjør dette det krevende å utvikle og innovere i markedet. Samtidig ser vi et manglende engasjement og uutnyttet kunnskap blant medlemmene, som spiller en viktig eierrolle. På bakgrunn av dette har vi i samarbeid med Nortura ønsket å utforske medlemsinvolvering i innovasjonsprosesser nærmere. HENSIKT: Studien undersøker mulighetene for effektive og gode innovasjonsprosesser som både medlemmene og samvirkeorganisasjoner vil dra nytte av. I denne konteksten vil vi gjennomføre en tilnærming til en Design Thinking-prosess, for å undersøke hvordan og i hvilket omfang medlemsinvolvering kan styrke innovasjonspraksisen. Den følgende problemstillingen er valgt: Hvordan kan medlemsleddet involveres mer aktivt gjennom en innovasjonsprosess, og hvilke implikasjoner gir dette for innovasjonspraksis i samvirkeorganisasjoner? METODE: Vi undersøker medlemsinvolverende innovasjonsprosesser i samvirkeorganisasjoner gjennom en aksjonsforskningsstudie, ved bruk av en aksjonsforskningssyklus gjennomført i fire faser. Vi benytter en Design Thinking-prosess i kombinasjon med prinsipper fra medarbeiderdrevet innovasjon. Datainnsamlingen bestod av kvalitative metoder som semistrukturerte dybdeintervjuer, observasjoner og workshoper. Deltakere i studien består av medlemmer i samvirket Nortura og ansatte ved innovasjonsavdelinger, valgte organer og produksjonsanlegg. FUNN OG IMPLIKASJONER: Gjennom en medlemsinvolverende innovasjonsprosess i samvirkeorganisasjoner, viser vårt studie nytte av å involvere medlemmene mer aktivt. Å utnytte medlemmenes kunnskap og kompetanse i innovasjonsarbeidet vil sikre eierens interesser, og forenkle realisering og skalering av innovasjonsprosjekter. Vi håper vår tilnærming til medlemsdrevet innovasjonspraksis vil kunne inspirere mer involverende innovasjonsprosesser i samvirkeorganisasjoner. NØKKELBEGREPER: Samvirkeorganisasjon – medlemsinvolvering – Design Thinking – medarbeiderdrevet innovasjon – Participatory Innovation – medlemmerINTRODUCTION: A cooperative organization is an important form of organization within the Norwegian agriculture because it ensures economic stability for the farmers. The Nortura cooperative consists of 17 000 members, and they operate within a challenging market with many rivals. With a democratic member structure and a traditional innovation process, the development and innovation process is demanding. The members are important within the cooperative organization, but their commitment is lacking, and they possess great untapped knowledge. With this in mind, we wish to explore how the members of the cooperative organization can be more closely involved in the innovation processes. SCOPE OF THESIS: The study will explore the possibilities of effective innovation processes that will benefit both the members and the cooperative organization. A practical Design Thinking process has been used to investigate how and to what extent member involvement can strengthen the innovation process. The thesis will thus explore how the members can be involved more actively throughout the innovation process, and what implications this has for the innovation practice in cooperative organizations. METHOD: We will explore member involvement in innovation practices within cooperative organizations through an action research study, by using action research cycles, implemented through four phases. We used a Design Thinking process in combination with principles derived from employee driven innovation. The data collection consisted of qualitative methods with semi-structured interviews, observations and workshops. Participants of the study consists of members of the Nortura cooperative organization and employees of its innovation departments, elected bodies and production facilities. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows, the benefit of involving members of cooperative organizations more actively and in an early stage through an member-driven innovation process. By utilizing the members knowledge and area of expertise it is possible to increase the value for the owner(s) of the co-operative organization, increase efficiency in scaling innovation projects and making realization of said innovation projects easier. Our goal is that our approach to member-driven innovation practice will be able to inspire more involving innovation processes in cooperative organizations. KEY WORDS: Cooperative organization – member involvement – Design Thinking – employee-driven innovation – participatory innovation – member

Weeks in Pregnancy on Maternal Iodine Status and Infant Neurodevelopment: Mommy's Food, a Randomized-Controlled Trial

Background: Mild-to-moderate iodine deficiency is still present in many countries, particularly in pregnant women. Observational studies suggest that mild-to-moderate iodine deficiency during pregnancy may be associated with impaired thyroid function and child neurodevelopment. Randomized-controlled food trials to increase iodine status are scarce. We assessed the impact of an increased intake of cod during pregnancy on maternal iodine status and infant neurodevelopment. Methods: In this randomized-controlled trial, pregnant women in Bergen, Norway, recruited through Haukeland University Hospital, were randomly assigned (1:1) to an intervention of 200 g of cod twice a week for 16 weeks (gestational week 20–36) or to continue with their standard diet (control group). Randomization was done by lottery. Primary outcome was urinary iodine concentration (UIC) (spot samples from six consecutive days) measured postintervention. Secondary outcome was infant neurodevelopment assessed by the cognitive, language, and motor scales of the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Developmental third edition (Bayley-III) at 11 months of age. In addition, maternal thyroid function was measured (thyrotropin [TSH], free triiodothyronine [fT3], free thyroxine [fT4]) at baseline and postintervention. Results: Between January 2016 until February 2017, 137 women were recruited. Postintervention UIC was higher in the intervention group (n = 61) [median (interquartile range, IQR) 98 (64–145) μg/L], compared with control (n = 61) [median (IQR) 73 (52–120) μg/L] (p = 0.028), also after adjusting for baseline UIC (p = 0.048). Infants of mothers in the intervention group had a lower cognitive composite score on the Bayley-III compared with the control group (p = 0.045). There were no group differences in the Bayley III language- or motor composite scores. Maternal thyroid hormones (TSH, fT3, fT4) did not differ between the groups postintervention. Conclusions: Increased cod intake during pregnancy improved the iodine status in women with mild-to-moderate iodine deficiency, however, did not affect thyroid function. The negative effect on cognition should be followed up to assess whether this is a stable effect over time. More studies are warranted to enable good health advice on iodine nutrition in pregnancy. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02610959. Registered November 20, 2015.publishedVersio