Ο δικαστικός έλεγχος της αιτιολογίας του τυπικού νόμου

Η εργασία εξετάζει αν και σε ποιες περιπτώσεις, στο πλαίσιο του ελέγχου συνταγματικότητας, η ελληνική νομολογία υπεισήλθε σε έλεγχο της "αιτιολογίας" των τυπικών νόμων, επεκτείνοντας το δικαστικό έλεγχο πέραν των παραδοσιακών ορίων του. Ειδικότερα, επιχειρείται η συνοπτική έκθεση του νομικού και θεωρητικού πλαισίου, σύμφωνα με το οποίο ο δικαστικός έλεγχος συνταγματικότητας περιορίζεται στο «περιεχόμενο» των τυπικών νόμων, κατ’ αποκλεισμό του ελέγχου της αιτιολογίας τους, ενώ αντλούνται και παραδείγματα από τη νομολογία των Ανώτατων Δικαστηρίων, μέσα από τα οποία αναδεικνύεται η κλασική θεώρηση για το δικαστικό έλεγχο της αιτιολογίας των τυπικών νόμων. Ακολούθως, διερευνώνται περιπτώσεις κατά τις οποίες ο γενικός κανόνας περί του ανέλεγκτου κάμφθηκε και τα δικαστήρια υπεισήλθαν στον έλεγχο της αιτιολογίας, ιδίως στα πεδία του δικαίου του περιβάλλοντος και της κοινωνικής ασφάλισης, καθώς και στην πρόσφατη νομολογία της περιόδου της οικονομικής κρίσης. Τέλος, επιχειρείται η εξαγωγή συμπερασμάτων σχετικά με τις προϋποθέσεις, τη μεθοδολογία και την ένταση του δικαστικού ελέγχου της αιτιολογίας των τυπικών νόμων, ενώ αναδεικνύονται και οι προκλήσεις που θέτει η εν λόγω πρακτική για το μέλλον. Κατ’ αυτόν τον τρόπο, επιχειρείται η ανάλυση ενός ζητήματος με σημαντικές προεκτάσεις, το οποίο έχει απασχολήσει έντονα το νομικό κόσμο, ιδίως δε κατά τα τελευταία χρόνια, πλην όμως δεν έχει ακόμη διερευνηθεί κατά τρόπο αρκετά συστηματικό.This paper examines whether and under which circumstances, in the context of constitutional review, the Greek courts have entered into a review of the "reasoning" of laws, extending judicial control beyond traditional boundaries. In particular, an attempt is made to summarize the legal and theoretical framework, according to which the judicial review of constitutionality is limited to the "content" of formal laws, to the exclusion of the control of their reasoning, while examples are also drawn from the case-law of Supreme Courts, through which the classical view for the judicial review of the reasoning of formal laws is showcased. Subsequently, cases are being investigated in which this general rule of non-control has been bent and the courts have examined the reasoning of laws, particularly in the fields of environmental and social security law, as well as in recent court decisions issued during the period of economic crisis. Finally, conclusions are reached regarding the conditions, methodology and intensity of judicial review of the reasoning of laws, while highlighting the challenges posed by this practice for future cases. In this way, this paper aims to examine an issue with important implications, which has sparked great interest amongst the legal world, especially in the recent years, but has not yet been investigated in a sufficiently systematic manner

Eclogite-facies shear zones--deep crustal reflectors?

Strongly foliated eclogite-facies rocks in 30-150 m thick shear zones of Caledonian age occur within a Grenvillian garnet granulite-facies gabbro-anorthosite terrain in the Bergen Arcs of Norway. The predominant eclogite-facies mineral assemblages in the shear zones are omphacite + garnet + zoisite + kyanite in gabbroic anorthosite and omphacite + garnet in gabbro. Eclogite-facies rocks in shear zones are generally fine-grained; alternating omphacite/garnet- and kyanite/clinozoisite-rich layers define gneissic layering. A strong shape preferred orientation of omphacite, kyanite, and white mica (phengitic muscovite and/or paragonite) define the foliation. The anorthositic eclogites show omphacite b-axis maxima approximately normal to the foliation and c-axis girdles within the foliation plane. P-wave velocities (Vp) determined at confining pressures to 600 MPa for samples from eclogite-facies shear zones range from 8.3 to 8.5 km s-1 and anisotropy ranges from 1 to 7%. The few samples with more pronounced anisotropy tend to be approximately transversely isotropic with minimum velocities for propagation directions normal to foliation and maximum velocities for propagation directions parallel to foliation. The fast propagation direction lies within the c-axis girdles (parallel to foliation) and the slow propagation direction is parallel to the b-axis concentration (normal to foliation) in samples for which omphacite crystallographic preferred orientation was determined. Vp for the granulite-facies protoliths average about 7.5 km s-1. High calculated reflection coefficients for these shear zones, 0.04-0.14, indicate that they are excellent candidates for deep crustal reflectors in portions of crust that experienced high-pressure conditions but escaped thermal reactivation.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/31633/1/0000567.pd

P-T path determinations in the Tormes Gneissic Dome, NW Iberian Massif, Spain

The Tormes Gneissic Dome (TGD, NW sector of the Iberian Massif, Spain) is a high-grade metamorphic complex affected by a major episode of extensional deformation (D2). The syn-D2 P-T path of the Lower Unit of the TGD was deduced from the analysis of reaction textures related to superimposed fabrics developed during exhumation, analysis of mineral zoning and thermobarometric calculations. It comprises an initial phase of decompression, determined using the TWEEQU thermobarometric technique, from 6.4-8.1 kbar at 735-750 DC (upper structural levels) and 7.2 kbar at 770 DC ( lower structural levels) to 3.3-3.9 kbar and 645-680 DC. This evolution is consistent with the observed sequence of meIting reactions and the generation of garnet- and cordierite-bearing anatectic granitoids. The later part of the syn-D2 P-T path consisted of almost isobaric cooling associated with the thermal re-equilibration of the unit in the new structural position. This segment of the P-T path is recorded by assemblages with And + Bt + Ms and Ms + ChI + Ab related to the later mylonitic S2 fabrics, which indicate retrogression to low-amphibolite and greenschist facies conditions

The Geon 14 Arc-Related Mafic Rocks from the Central Grenville Province

The late Paleoproterozoic to Mesoproterozoic (ca. 1.7–1.2 Ga) evolution of the active southeastern margin of Laurentia terminated with the Grenvillian continental collision and the development of a large, hot, long-duration orogen at ca. 1.09–0.98 Ga. As a result, much of the hinterland of the Grenville Province consists of Paleoproterozoic and Mesoproterozoic rocks, mostly preserved as an imbricate stack of high-grade gneisses, that represent a potential repository of active-margin processes. This study presents geochronologic, geochemical, and isotopic analyses of two granulite-facies suites of ca. 1.45–1.40 Ga mafic tholeiites from the Canyon domain (Manicouagan area, central Grenville Province). One suite consists of 1439 +76/–68 Ma high-FeTi mafic sills with εNd values of –0.4 (TDM 2.57–2.72 Ga), indicate derivation from variably depleted to enriched MORB-type mantle sources, probably in an extensional back-arc setting, before intrusion in a ca. 1.5 Ga supracrustal metasedimentary sequence. The other, previously dated, 1410 ± 16 Ma Mafic to intermediate unit exhibits εNd values of 0.0 to +0.9 (TDM 2.02–2.25 Ga), and variably enriched MORB to arc geochemical signatures, for which formation in a transitional back-arc to arc setting is suggested. Integrated with published information, the new data support a model of a long-lived continental-margin arc and intermittent back-arc development on southeast Laurentia during the mid-Mesoproterozoic (ca. 1.5–1.4 Ga), in which repeated short periods of extension and crustal thinning in the back-arc or intra-arc regions were followed by compression and crustal thickening.The accepted manuscript in pdf format is listed with the files at the bottom of this page. The presentation of the authors' names and (or) special characters in the title of the manuscript may differ slightly between what is listed on this page and what is listed in the pdf file of the accepted manuscript; that in the pdf file of the accepted manuscript is what was submitted by the author

Petrography and phase equilibria modeling of mid-pressure aluminous gneisses derived from hydrothermally altered protoliths, Grenville Province, Canada

A large portion of the hinterland of the central Grenville Province is characterized by mid-pressure granulite-facies metamorphic rocks. In the Manicouagan – Lac du Milieu region of Quebec, aluminous gneisses derived from hydrothermally altered felsic protoliths provide a record of anatectic processes and of the pressure–temperature (P–T) evolution during orogenesis. Samples collected in areas separated by several tens of kilometres consist of garnet + biotite + quartz + K-feldspar ± plagioclase ± sillimanite, with retrograde cordierite in some, and most display microstructural evidence of partial melting. However, they have a wide range of bulk compositions and textures, and may be grouped into two types: sillimanite-rich rocks, with a high alumina index and sillimanite-poor rocks with low alumina index and in which sillimanite is not part of the peak assemblage. Phase equilibria modeling with THERMOCALC software constrained the P–T field of the peak mineral assemblage(s) at 800–900 °C and 6–11 kbar (1 kbar = 100 MPa), with melt solidification in the range of 800–865 °C and 6–8 kbar. The presence of sillimanite inclusions in garnet, and the scarcity of retrograde cordierite are consistent with moderate dP/dT gradient “hairpin” P–T paths. The data suggest that this part of the mid-P hinterland in the central Grenville experienced a rather uniform high-temperature metamorphic evolution, with large temperature variations relative to pressure. This is consistent with the thermal evolution of middle crust beneath an orogenic plateau.The accepted manuscript in pdf format is listed with the files at the bottom of this page. The presentation of the authors' names and (or) special characters in the title of the manuscript may differ slightly between what is listed on this page and what is listed in the pdf file of the accepted manuscript; that in the pdf file of the accepted manuscript is what was submitted by the author

The use of heavy mineral correlation for determining the source of impact ejecta: A Manicouagan distal ejecta case study

Due to the nature of distal impact ejecta layers on Earth, preserved deposits are rare and are commonly altered by diagenetic/weathering processes. To establish the source of ejecta, trace element signatures of impact glasses have typically been used to establish the source crater of a deposit. However, in many cases, impact glasses in ejecta deposits are devitrified and altered to clays resulting in loss of original melt and original trace element composition. This is the case for the Late Triassic ejecta deposit of SW Britain where impact melt spherules have been completely altered to clay. This Late Triassic ejecta deposit was originally believed to be derived from two possible sources, the Rochechouart or Manicouagan impact structures. To accurately establish the source of this ejecta deposit an alternative correlation technique was developed using garnet major oxide data and radiometric whole grain fusion Ar-Ar dating of shocked biotite (U-Pb dating of zircon was also used but proved inconclusive). Radiogenic dating of shocked biotites (observed exclusively in the ejecta deposit) yielded ages consistent with the Grenvillian target rocks at Manicouagan and excluded Rochechouart as a potential source. Garnet major oxide compositions of garnets in the ejecta deposit were directly compared to garnets from the Manicouagan target rocks and impactite rocks. A strong garnet composition signature correlation between the samples from Manicouagan and the ejecta deposit provides convincing evidence that Manicouagan is the source of the SW Britain ejecta deposit. Furthermore, we suggest that heavy mineral correlation techniques should be considered in future studies as a correlation tool for establishing the source of ejecta

P–T Paths Derived from Garnet Growth Zoning in an Extensional Setting: an Example from the Tormes Gneiss Dome (Iberian Massif, Spain)

The Tormes Gneiss Dome (NW Iberian Massif, Variscan Belt of Spain), comprises a metamorphic core complex (Lower Unit) bounded by a major extensional detachment. Despite metamorphic temperatures in the upper amphibolite facies (∼700–740°C), metapelites from the highest levels of the Lower Unit contain garnet with preserved growth zoning. These rocks were used for reconstruction of quantitative P–T paths based upon interpretation of microfabrics and thermodynamic modelling of garnet zoning. The results are consistent with a two-stage tectonothermal evolution under high-grade conditions: (1) an early compressional phase of deformation that led to upper amphibolite facies Barrovian-type metamorphism and to P increase and T rise to approximately 9 kbar and 700–725°C; (2) a subsequent major extensional phase of deformation that led to quasi-isothermal decompression from 8–9 to ∼3 kbar at T conditions between 700 and 740°C. Several lines of structural, textural and petrological evidence suggest that up to 15–20 km of overburden was removed from the Lower Unit by tectonic exhumation while these rocks were still at upper amphibolite facies conditions. A final stage of quasi-isobaric cooling to greenschist facies conditions is locally recorded in late low-grade detachments