Procesos implicados en la regeneración de bosques mixtos mediterráneos afectados por decaimiento

Programa de Doctorado en Estudios MedioambientalesEn las últimas décadas se han descrito síndromes de decaimiento forestal en bosques de todo el mundo. El incremento en la frecuencia y magnitud de eventos climáticos extremos (ej. sequías), así como del ataque de plagas y patógenos, son algunas de las causas últimas identificadas. La mayoría de los eventos de decaimiento descritos presentan cierta especificidad, afectando en distinto grado a las distintas especies arbóreas coexistentes. Estos procesos tendrán por tanto una alta capacidad para alterar la composición y estructura de la comunidad de plantas no solo a corto plazo (disminuyendo la abundancia relativa de adultos de la especie afectada) sino también a largo plazo a través de sus efectos sobre las dinámicas de regeneración. El objetivo general de esta tesis doctoral es evaluar los efectos del decaimiento de Quercus suber (alcornoque) sobre la regeneración de especies leñosas en bosques mixtos del sur de la Península Ibérica, y en base a ello determinar las trayectorias sucesionales más probables de estos sistemas. En primer lugar (capítulo 2) se realizó un estudio a escala de toda Andalucía para evaluar el efecto del clima y su interacción con otras variables abióticas (suelo) y bióticas (interacción con individuos vecinos} sobre la mortalidad de adultos y la abundancia de plántulas y juveniles de Q. suber. Para ello se utilizaron datos del Segundo y Tercer Inventario Forestal Nacional Español. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron respuestas diferenciales de adultos y regenerado de Q. suber a las variables climáticas. La supervivencia de adultos disminuyó al aumentar la temperatura de primavera, mientras que la regeneración se vio afectada positivamente por inviernos cálidos. Se encontró además un importante efecto modulador de la textura del suelo sobre los efectos de la precipitación en la supervivencia de adultos, los cuales fueron positivos en suelos arenosos pero negativos en suelos arcillosos. Los resultados obtenidos indican que la sostenibilidad de los bosques de Q. suber va a depender no solo de las condiciones climáticas futuras, sino también de sus interacciones con otros factores clave (ej. propiedades del suelo) que podrían modular los efectos del clima sobre las tasas demográficas de esta especie. En los siguientes capítulos de la tesis (capítulos 3-6) se analizó a escala local el impacto del decaimiento de Q. suber sobre los patrones de abundancia y funcionamiento de plántulas y juveniles de especies leñosas, analizando de forma específica la relevancia para la regeneración de los cambios inducidos por el decaimiento sobre las comunidades de organismos del suelo (patógenos y micorrizas). Para ello se desarrollaron trabajos de campo experimentales y observacionales en seis parcelas del Parque Natural de los Alcomocales (Cádiz), tres de ellas situadas en bosques abiertos dominados por Q. suber y Olea europaea var. sylvestris (acebuche}, y otras tres situadas en bosques cerrados de Q. suber y Q. canariensís (quejigo). Los datos obtenidos en estos capítulos fueron analizados mediante modelos de vecindad en los que las variables demográficas y edáficas de interés fueron predichas en función de la distribución, tamaño, identidad y estado de salud de los árboles y matorrales vecinos. En elcapítulo 3 se realizó un experimento de siembra de semillas con las principales especies arbóreas (Q. suber, Olea europaea y Q.canariensis} para analizar el efecto de la composición y estado de salud del dosel arbóreo­ arbustivo sobre la emergencia, supervivencia y crecimiento de plántulas. De forma complementaria, en elcapítulo 4 se realizó un estudio observacional para cuantificar los patrones espaciales de abundancia y riqueza de regenerado de especies leñosas. Los resultados obtenidos en ambos capítulos mostraron la importancia de la identidad y el estado de salud de los árboles del dosel para la dinámica de plántulas en los dos tipos de bosque estudiados. Se encontró un efecto negativo generalizado del decaimiento de Q. suber en la supervivenciaUniversidad Pablo de Olavide. Centro de Estudios de PostgradoCentro Superior de Investigaciones Científica

El cronotopo en el cuento romántico

[Resumen] La mesa redonda pretende analizar la función que el cronotopo desempeña en el cuento romántico. Hemos de tener en cuenta que el cuento moderno surge en varios países simultáneamente, Alemania, Estados unidos, Rusia, y posteriormente en Gran Bretaña, Francia, Italia y España, entre finales del siglo XVIII y principios del siglo XIX. El paso del cuento tradicional al moderno implica una serie de transformaciones profundas en la narración, entre ellas el tipo y papel del narrador, la diégesis narrativa y el cronotopo. En la mesa redonda nos queremos centrar en este último, conscientes como somos de que la localización espacial y temporal de cualquier relato tiene un papel determinante en su transformación. Para ello analizaremos relatos de Mary Shelley, Edgar Allan Poe y Nathaniel Hawthorne. Creemos que no es simple causalidad que los tres autores busquen escenarios y épocas alejadas de su tempo y país. Tradicionalmente, la localización en Europa ha sido considerada como un rasgo romántico propio de su interés por lo exótico. Sin embargo, creemos que hay otras razones que tienen que ver con la evolución del cuento como género moderno que llevan a situar los relatos en un espacio que los lectores conceptualizarían como exótico para más adelante localizar los cuentos en otros más cercanos a los lectores. Así Beatriz Gómez Moreno (Universidad de Castilla la Mancha) analizará los relatos de Mary Shelley, José Ramón Ibáñez Ibáñez (Universidad de Almería) los de Edgar A. Poe y Santiago Rodríguez Guerrero-Strachan (Universidad de Valladolid), los de Nathaniel Hawthorne

Análisis del decaimiento de Quercus Suber a escala regional en Andalucía: aplicación para una gestión eficaz

1 página. Comunicación oral presentada en la Sesión Ecología y Ecofisiología de la referida Reunión, celebrada en Huelva, 9-11, noviembre, 2011.Los sistemas forestales se están viendo afectados por el cambio global, uno de cuyos principales impulsores es el cambio climático. Actualmente estos cambios ocurren a mayor velocidad de la experimentada hasta ahora a lo largo de la evolución, lo que provoca una gran incertidumbre sobre la capacidad de adaptación de muchas especies. Como consecuencia es necesario conocer la dinámica de los sistemas forestales y los efectos del cambio global para dirigir todos los esfuerzos de gestión hacia objetivos alcanzables para la conservación de estos sistemas y sus valores.Peer reviewe

Quercus suber dieback alters soil respiration and nutrient availability in Mediterranean forests

12 páginas.-- 5 figuras.-- 1 tablas.-- 106 referencias.-- Additional Supporting Information may be found in the online version of this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12618.-- Data available from the Dryad Digital Repository, http://dx.doi.org/10.5061/dryad.6nd4k (Avila et al. 2016)An increase in tree mortality rates has been recently detected in forests world-wide. However, few works have focused on the potential consequences of forest dieback for ecosystem functioning. Here we assessed the effect of Quercus suber dieback on carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus cycles in two types of Mediterranean forests (woodlands and closed forests) affected by the aggressive pathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi. We used a spatially explicit neighbourhood approach to analyse the direct effects of Q. suber dieback on soil variables, comparing the impact of Q. suber trees with different health status, as well as its potential long-term indirect effects, comparing the impact of non-declining coexistent species. Quercus suber dieback translated into lower soil respiration rates and phosphorus availability, whereas its effects on nitrogen varied depending on forest type. Coexistent species differed strongly from Q. suber in their effects on nutrient availability, but not on soil respiration rates. Our models showed low interannual but high intra-annual variation in the ecosystem impacts of tree dieback. Synthesis. Our results support that tree dieback might have important short- and long-term impacts on ecosystem processes in Mediterranean forests. With this work, we provide valuable insights to fill the existent gap in knowledge on the ecosystem-level impacts of forest dieback in general and P. cinnamomi-driven mortality in particular. Because the activity and range of this pathogen is predicted to increase due to climate warming, these impacts could also increase in the near future altering ecosystem functioning world-wideThis research was supported by the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICINN) projects CGL2008-04503-C03-03, CGL2010-21381 and CGL2011-26877. J.M.A. was supported by a FPU-MEC grant (AP2010-0229) and B.I. by a FPI-MICINN grant (BES-2009-017111).Peer reviewe

Effects of Quercus suber Decline on Woody Plant Regeneration: Potential Implications for Successional Dynamics in Mediterranean Forests

15 páginas.-- 2 figuras.-- 1 tabla.-- 82 referencias.--The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s10021-016-0044-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized usersIn the last two decades, widespread tree decline and mortality have been documented in forests worldwide. These mortality events usually show certain level of host-specificity, translating into rapid changes in the relative abundance of the adult community. Despite these short-term changes, it is poorly understood whether the decline and mortality of certain tree species are likely to result in long-term vegetation shifts. Trajectories of forest recovery and the probability of occurrence of permanent vegetation shifts are to a large extent determined by post-mortality regeneration dynamics. Using a spatially explicit neighborhood approach, we evaluated the spatial patterns of natural regeneration of the woody plant community in mixed Mediterranean forests affected by the decline of their dominant tree species, Quercus suber. We predicted the abundance, survival, and richness of the seedling and sapling bank as a function of the distribution and health status of the tree and shrub community. Results indicated that Q. suber decline had detectable effects on seedlings and saplings of coexistent woody species from very different functional groups (trees, shrubs, and lianas). The sign and magnitude of these effects varied substantially among coexistent species, which could imply shifts in the species ranking of seedling and sapling abundance, affecting successional trajectories and potentially leading to vegetation shifts. Because most of these changes pointed towards a loss of dominance of Q. suber, management strategies are urgently needed in order to attenuate adult mortality or promote its regeneration, counteracting the negative effects of global change drivers (exotic pathogens, climate change) on these valuable forests.This research was supported by the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICIIN) projects INTERBOS (CGL2008-04503-C03-03), DIVERBOS (CGL2011-30285-C02-01), RETROBOS (CGL2011-26877), and RESTECO (CGL2014-52858-R), and the Junta de Andalucía project ANASINQUE (PGC2010-RNM-5782). BI was supported by a Formación de Personal Investigador (FPI)-MICINN Grant, J.M.A. by a Formación de Personal Universitario (FPU)-MEC Grant, and I.M.P.R. by a JAEdoc-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) contract.Peer reviewe

Prostaglandin transporter PGT as a new pharmacological target in the prevention of inflammatory cytokine-induced injury in renal proximal tubular HK-2 cells

Aims: Inflammatory cytokines contribute to proximal tubular cell (PTC) injury leading to the deterioration of renal function and acute kidney injury (AKI) development. They also stimulate cyclo‑oxygenase-2 (COX-2)- dependent production and release to the extracellular medium of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), a mediator of PTC injury. However, in several settings PGE2 re-uptake by prostaglandin transporter (PGT) is critical for PGE2- mediated PTC injury. Here we investigated several deleterious effects of pro-inflammatory cytokines in PTC and their prevention by PGT targeting. Main methods: In human kidney-2 (HK-2) PTC exposed to an inflammatory cytokine cocktail, consisting of interleukins (IL) IL-1α, IL-1β and IL-2, tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ), were determined the changes in several parameters related to PTC injury, their dependency on PGE2 (through modulation by antagonists of PGE2 receptors) and the preventive effect of PGT inhibitor bromosulfophthalein. Key findings: The cytokine cocktail induced a COX-2-dependent increase in intracellular PGE2 (iPGE2) and cell death, together to a decrease in cell number and cell proliferation. There was also loss of adherent cells to collagen IV, changes in actin cytoskeleton and loss of monolayer integrity, together to an increase in paracellular permeability. All the changes were sensitive to antagonist of PGE2 receptors AH6809 and were fully prevented by bromosulfophthalein. Significance: These results indicate that PGT-, iPGE2-dependent mechanisms mediate inflammatory cytokineinduced HK-2 cell injury and suggest that treatment with PGT inhibitors might help to prevent AKI induced by sepsis, renal ischemia/reperfusion and other pathological conditions in which inflammatory cytokines contribute to PTC damageThis work was supported by a grant COVID-19 2021 2020/00003/ 016/001/009 from the Universidad de Alcala and a grant Ayudas a la Investigacion ´ Departamento de Biología UAM. This research is part of the project on COVID-19 and diabetes (REACT UE-CM2021-02) funded by the Community of Madrid in agreement with the University of Alcala, ´ and co-funded with REACT-EU resources from the European Regional Development Fund “A way to make Europe

El tabaquismo en los pacientes de hemodiálisis. Prevalencia de consumo y actitudes

El objetivo del estudio es conocer la prevalencia y las características del hábito tabáquico en los pacientes incluidos en hemodiálisis en nuestra provincia y estudiar así mismo, algunas actitudes y conocimientos relacionadas con este hábito que nos orienten en la creación de un Plan Sanitario para la disminución del consumo de tabaco en los pacientes de diálisis

Determinants of Progression and Regression of Subclinical Atherosclerosis Over 6 Years.

BACKGROUND Atherosclerosis is a systemic disease that frequently begins early in life. However, knowledge about the temporal disease dynamics (ie, progression or regression) of human subclinical atherosclerosis and their determinants is scarce. OBJECTIVES This study sought to investigate early subclinical atherosclerosis disease dynamics within a cohort of middle-aged, asymptomatic individuals by using multiterritorial 3-dimensional vascular ultrasound (3DVUS) imaging. METHODS A total of 3,471 participants from the PESA (Progression of Early Subclinical Atherosclerosis) cohort study (baseline age 40-55 years; 36% female) underwent 3 serial 3DVUS imaging assessments of peripheral arteries at 3-year intervals. Subclinical atherosclerosis was quantified as global plaque volume (mm3) (bilateral carotid and femoral plaque burden). Multivariable logistic regression models for progression and regression were developed using stepwise forward variable selection. RESULTS Baseline to 6-year subclinical atherosclerosis progression occurred in 32.7% of the cohort (17.5% presenting with incident disease and 15.2% progressing from prevalent disease at enrollment). Regression was observed in 8.0% of those patients with baseline disease. The effects of higher low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and elevated systolic blood pressure (SBP) on 6-year subclinical atherosclerosis progression risk were more pronounced among participants in the youngest age stratum (Pinteraction = 0.04 and 0.02, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Over 6 years, subclinical atherosclerosis progressed in one-third of middle-age asymptomatic subjects. Atherosclerosis regression is possible in early stages of the disease. The impact of LDL-C and SBP on subclinical atherosclerosis progression was more pronounced in younger participants, a finding suggesting that the prevention of atherosclerosis and its progression could be enhanced by tighter risk factor control at younger ages, with a likely long-term impact on reducing the risk of clinical events. (Progression of Early Subclinical Atherosclerosis [PESA; also PESA-CNIC-Santander]; NCT01410318).S

Dual targeted therapy in patients with psoriatic arthritis and spondyloarthritis: a real-world multicenter experience from Spain

Dual targeted therapy (DTT) has emerged as a promising approach in patients with refractory spondyloarthritis (SpA) or psoriatic arthritis (PsA) and extra-musculoskeletal manifestations of both diseases, but its effectiveness/safety ratio still remains unclear. This is a retrospective, real-world multicenter study in refractory SpA and PsA patients with simultaneous use of two biological or synthetic targeted agents. Effectiveness was assessed using Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Score with C-reactive protein (ASDAS-CRP) and Disease Activity in Psoriatic Arthritis (DAPSA) Score. We identified 39 different DTT combinations in 36 patients (22 SpA; 14 PsA), 25 of them with concomitant inflammatory bowel disease. The most commonly used combinations were TNF inhibitor plus antagonist of the IL12/23 pathway, followed by TNF inhibitor plus IL-17 antagonist. During a median exposure of 14.86 months (IQR 8-20.2), DTT retention rate was 69.4% (n=25/36; 19 SpA, 6 PsA). Major clinical improvement (change in ASDAS-CRP > 2 or improvement > 85% in DAPSA) was achieved in 69.4% of patients (n=25/36 therapeutical combinations; 17/21 SpA, 8/15 PsA), with a 58.3% (n=21/36 combinations; 15/20 SpA, 6/13 PsA) low-activity/remission rate. Of the patients who were receiving glucocorticoids, 55% managed to withdraw them during follow-up. Interestingly, only four serious adverse events in three patients were observed, leading to DTT discontinuation

A Novel Circulating MicroRNA for the Detection of Acute Myocarditis.

The diagnosis of acute myocarditis typically requires either endomyocardial biopsy (which is invasive) or cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (which is not universally available). Additional approaches to diagnosis are desirable. We sought to identify a novel microRNA for the diagnosis of acute myocarditis. To identify a microRNA specific for myocarditis, we performed microRNA microarray analyses and quantitative polymerase-chain-reaction (qPCR) assays in sorted CD4+ T cells and type 17 helper T (Th17) cells after inducing experimental autoimmune myocarditis or myocardial infarction in mice. We also performed qPCR in samples from coxsackievirus-induced myocarditis in mice. We then identified the human homologue for this microRNA and compared its expression in plasma obtained from patients with acute myocarditis with the expression in various controls. We confirmed that Th17 cells, which are characterized by the production of interleukin-17, are a characteristic feature of myocardial injury in the acute phase of myocarditis. The microRNA mmu-miR-721 was synthesized by Th17 cells and was present in the plasma of mice with acute autoimmune or viral myocarditis but not in those with acute myocardial infarction. The human homologue, designated hsa-miR-Chr8:96, was identified in four independent cohorts of patients with myocarditis. The area under the receiver-operating-characteristic curve for this novel microRNA for distinguishing patients with acute myocarditis from those with myocardial infarction was 0.927 (95% confidence interval, 0.879 to 0.975). The microRNA retained its diagnostic value in models after adjustment for age, sex, ejection fraction, and serum troponin level. After identifying a novel microRNA in mice and humans with myocarditis, we found that the human homologue (hsa-miR-Chr8:96) could be used to distinguish patients with myocarditis from those with myocardial infarction. (Funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation and others.).Supported by a grant (PI19/00545, to Dr. Martín) from the Ministry of Science and Innovation through the Carlos III Institute of Health–Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria; by a grant from the Biomedical Research Networking Center on Cardiovascular Diseases (to Drs. Martín, Sánchez-Madrid, and Ibáñez); by grants (S2017/BMD-3671-INFLAMUNE-CM, to Drs. Martín and Sánchez-Madrid; and S2017/BMD-3867-RENIM-CM, to Dr. Ibáñez) from Comunidad de Madrid; by a grant (20152330 31, to Drs. Martín, Sánchez-Madrid, and Alfonso) from Fundació La Marató de TV3; by grants (ERC-2011-AdG 294340-GENTRIS, to Dr. Sánchez-Madrid; and ERC-2018-CoG 819775-MATRIX, to Dr. Ibáñez) from the European Research Council; by grants (SAF2017-82886R, to Dr. Sánchez-Madrid; RETOS2019-107332RB-I00, to Dr. Ibáñez; and SAF2017-90604-REDT-NurCaMeIn and RTI2018-095928-BI00, to Dr. Ricote) from the Ministry of Science and Innovation; by Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER); and by a 2016 Leonardo Grant for Researchers and Cultural Creators from the BBVA Foundation to Dr. Martín. The National Center for Cardiovascular Research (CNIC) is supported by the Carlos III Institute of Health, the Ministry of Science and Innovation, the Pro CNIC Foundation, and by a Severo Ochoa Center of Excellence grant (SEV-2015-0505). Mr. Blanco-Domínguez is supported by a grant (FPU16/02780) from the Formación de Profesorado Universitario program of the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture, and Sports. Ms. Linillos-Pradillo is supported by a fellowship (PEJD-2016/BMD-2789) from Fondo de Garantía de Empleo Juvenil de Comunidad de Madrid. Dr. Relaño is supported by a grant (BES-2015-072625) from Contratos Predoctorales Severo Ochoa para la Formación de Doctores of the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness. Dr. Alonso-Herranz is supported by a fellowship from La Caixa–CNIC. Dr. Caforio is supported by Budget Integrato per la Ricerca dei Dipartimenti BIRD-2019 from Università di Padova. Dr. Das is supported by grants (UG3 TR002878 and R35 HL150807) from the National Institutes of Health and the American Heart Association through its Strategically Focused Research Networks.S