Up-Regulated Salivary Proteins of Brown Marmorated Stink Bug Halyomorpha halys on Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria-Treated Plants

Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) induce systemic resistance (SR) in plants, decreasing the development of phytopathogens. The FZB42 strain of Bacillus velezensis is known to induce an SR against pathogens in various plant species. Previous studies suggested that it could also influence the interactions between plants and associated pests. However, insects have developed several strategies to counteract plant defenses, including salivary proteins that allow the insect escaping detection, manipulating defensive pathways to its advantage, deactivating early signaling processes, or detoxifying secondary metabolites. Because Brown Marmorated Stink Bug (BMSB) Halyomorpha halys is highly invasive and polyphagous, we hypothesized that it could detect the PGPR-induced systemic defenses in the plant, and efficiently adapt its salivary compounds to counteract them. Therefore, we inoculated a beneficial rhizobacterium on Vicia faba roots and soil, previous to plant infestation with BMSB. Salivary gland proteome of BMSB was analyzed by LC–MS/MS and a label-free quantitative proteomic method. Among the differentially expressed proteins, most were up-regulated in salivary glands of insects exposed to PGPR-treated plants for 24 h. We could confirm that BMSB was confronted with a stress during feeding on PGPR-treated plants. The to-be-confirmed defensive state of the plant would have been rapidly detected by the invasive H. halys pest, which consequently modified its salivary proteins. Among the up-regulated proteins, many could be associated with a role in plant defense counteraction, and more especially in allelochemicals detoxification or sequestration

Complementary Strategies for Biological Control of Aphids and Related Virus Transmission in Sugar Beet to Replace Neonicotinoids

peer reviewedNeonicotinoid-based real control of aphids in sugar beet permitted the effective management of associated phytoviruses. However, the prohibition on their usage has prompted an urgent search for viable replacements. The development of sugar beet varieties with aphid and/or virus resistance and/or tolerance has a huge potential to reduce aphids and the harm caused by transmitted viruses. Semiochemicals also play a significant part in determining intra- and inter-specific interactions, which directly affect aphid fitness, feeding activity, and ultimately their capacity to spread viruses. Another method of aphid management involves the use of plant volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in conjunction with an attract and kill strategy. Entomopathogenic fungi could also be used to manage aphids without endangering helpful entomofauna. Finally, soil bacteria are particularly effective biocontrol agents because they induce systemic resistance (ISR) as plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). The sugar beet-aphid virus model would be a perfect place to test these microbial players. The adoption of complementing eco-compatible techniques in the sugar beet crop will be ensured by the application of a variety of biocontrol opportunities connected to creative aphid control strategies. This should make it possible to create technical itineraries for a comprehensive approach to controlling aphids and related viruses depending on the situation

Rapport de stage sur le Projet Senior Dual : Un projet en faveur des jeunes et des seniors, du Sud et du Nord du monde

Le projet de coopération au développement Senior Dual a été élaboré par l'ONG ASF dans le but de répondre à deux problématiques très différentes mais complémentaires selon ses créateurs. D'une part, le projet a l'objectif de faciliter l'insertion socioprofessionnelle des jeunes des pays en développement. D'autre part, celui de proposer une activité adressée au seniors suisses dans le but de diminuer le processus de marginalisation sociale qu'ils sont susceptibles de subir. Le présent rapport vise à vérifier les fondements théoriques du projet et à tester sa pertinence avec les réalités du terrain

Complementary Strategies for Biological Control of Aphids and Related Virus Transmission in Sugar Beet to Replace Neonicotinoids

Neonicotinoid-based real control of aphids in sugar beet permitted the effective management of associated phytoviruses. However, the prohibition on their usage has prompted an urgent search for viable replacements. The development of sugar beet varieties with aphid and/or virus resistance and/or tolerance has a huge potential to reduce aphids and the harm caused by transmitted viruses. Semiochemicals also play a significant part in determining intra- and inter-specific interactions, which directly affect aphid fitness, feeding activity, and ultimately their capacity to spread viruses. Another method of aphid management involves the use of plant volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in conjunction with an attract and kill strategy. Entomopathogenic fungi could also be used to manage aphids without endangering helpful entomofauna. Finally, soil bacteria are particularly effective biocontrol agents because they induce systemic resistance (ISR) as plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). The sugar beet-aphid virus model would be a perfect place to test these microbial players. The adoption of complementing eco-compatible techniques in the sugar beet crop will be ensured by the application of a variety of biocontrol opportunities connected to creative aphid control strategies. This should make it possible to create technical itineraries for a comprehensive approach to controlling aphids and related viruses depending on the situation

Entomophagy in Gabon across the African context

Entomophagy is well established in the food habits of Africa; however, country-wide knowledge remains limited for several countries, including Gabon. Here, two surveys on entomophagy were conducted in Gabon through face-to-face interviews. The first survey collected information on insect eating habits from 169 potential consumers. Edible insects formed part of the diet of most Gabonese people, with more than 60% of consumers within participants, and were particularly common among the Teke ethnic group (93%). Familiarity with edible insects was influenced by culture and family, but not by gender or study level. The second survey focused on edible insect species and their host plants, by interviewing a sample of 113 both villagers and retailers. Seventy-five species of insects from six insect orders (Coleoptera, Hemiptera, Isoptera, Lepidoptera, Odonata and Orthoptera) were consumed in Gabon, and were collected from 48 species of host plant. Many insects were formerly reported in the literature related to entomophagy; however, 13 species were newly reported as edible in this study: Bidessus batekensis, Bunaeopsis licharbas, Copelatus ateles, Copelatus confinis, Copelatus fizpaci, Copelatus tondangoyei, Gonobombyx angulata, Gonometa titan, Hydrocyrius columbiae, Oxychirus semisericeus, Philobota sp., Psara sp. and Ptyelus flavescens. Consequently, these surveys highlighted that entomophagy is common in Gabon. However, strategies to promote edible insects are needed to have a significant impact on food issues in Gabon (e.g. food insecurity and dependence on foreign food supplies). Additional researches on entomophagy in Gabon are required to further develop these strategies

Il processo di radicalizzazione nei giovani. Una rassegna sistematica dei fattori di rischio e di protezione nel contesto europeo

L’obiettivo di questa rassegna sistematica è stato identificare i fattori di rischio e di protezione associati al processo di radicalizzazione in giovani «normativi» (non coinvolti in storie esplicite di radicalizzazione/violenza o in circuiti penali) nel contesto europeo. Sono state inizialmente interrogate le banche dati Scopus e Web of Science. Tredici studi, pubblicati dal 2000 in poi e rispettanti i criteri stabiliti, sono stati inclusi nella rassegna. I risultati offrono indicazioni su quali siano le condizioni che favoriscono o disincentivano nei giovani atteggiamenti e intenzioni di ricorrere a visioni radicali, gruppi estremi e alla violenza. Raccomandazioni per possibili interventi concludono questo lavoro.The aim of the current systematic literature review was to identify risk and protective factors related to radicalization processes among “normative” youth (not involved in explicit radicalization/violence stories or criminal circuits) in the European context. In total, 13 studies, published from 2000 onwards and following the eligibility criteria, were reviewed after performing a search on Scopus and Web of Science databases. Results suggest what might trigger or hinder youth’s attitudes and intentions of turning to radical ideas, extreme groups, and violence. Implications for practice are afforded in the final section of this work