EN DEFENSA DE LA IDENTIDAD LINGÜÍSTICA EN LA ACADEMIA

The identity of a territory is built day by day and is reflected through its history via expression of culture and language. Therefore, linguistic-cultural preservation represents a pillar for the nation's own identity. However, facts coexist contrary to good cultural policies that protect the native and national identity: the invasion and dissemination of globalized foreign cultures and a polluting lexicon for Spanish. Other ―ungrammatical― linguistic phenomena are added, supported by a certain “fashionable stereotyped language”. Unfortunately, great responsibility for this falls on the mass media, where professionals who use this type of language that permeates and echoes in society work; it is observed, even, in the scientific, academic language used by teachers. This can be confirmed orally and in documents written by professors from the Villa Clara University of Medical Sciences, Cuba. Consequently, to face and reverse this situation, the present study was carried out, whose objective is to defend the norms and principles of the language for the preservation of linguistic identity in the academy. Methodologically, it constitutes a qualitative, descriptive and synchronous study, which covers from 2019 to the first semester of 2022. The textual sample was made up of 12 papers belonging to professors of different specialties belonging to the aforementioned university. Significant data taken from orality was also recorded. The theoretical analysis-synthesis and induction-deduction methods were used, as they were significant in the process; in addition to the empirical methods of observation and documentary review to discover and accumulate the necessary data. An essential aspect was the systematic observation and recording of the language used by professionals who carry out their work in different mass media. In the results, 216 facts were collected that constitute insufficiencies in the language of the university students participating in the research ―138 of them fall on the orality (63%), while 78, on the writing (36%)―. This is because oral language is spontaneous, fast and situational, while writing is more exposed to revision and correction. An unavoidable conclusion: in the phenomena shown, it is verified how permeated the deficiencies are in the language of these teachers, as well as the influence exerted by the mass media on the events described.La identidad de un territorio se cimenta día a día y se ve reflejada a través de su historia mediante la expresión de cultura y lenguaje. Por tanto, la preservación lingüístico-cultural representa un pilar para la propia identidad de la nación. Sin embargo, coexisten hechos contrarios a las buenas políticas culturales que protegen lo autóctono y la identidad nacional: la invasión y divulgación de culturas foráneas globalizadas, así como la penetración de un léxico contaminante para la lengua materna. Se suman otros fenómenos lingüísticos ―agramaticales―, sustentados por cierto “lenguaje estereotipado de moda”. Penosamente, gran responsabilidad de ello recae en los medios de comunicación masiva, donde se desempeñan profesionales que utilizan ese tipo de lenguaje, el cual se impregna y se hace eco en la sociedad; inclusive, en el ámbito científico, académico. Esto puede constatarse en la oralidad y en documentos escritos por profesores de la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Villa Clara, Cuba. Consecuentemente, para afrontar y revertir esta situación, se realizó el presente estudio cuyo objetivo fue defender las normas y principios del idioma para la preservación de la identidad lingüística en la academia. Metodológicamente, constituye un estudio cualitativo, descriptivo y sincrónico, el cual se enmarca entre 2019 y primer semestre de 2022. La muestra textual estuvo integrada por 12 ponencias pertenecientes a profesores de distintas especialidades impartidas en la universidad mencionada. También se registraron datos significativos tomados de la oralidad. Se emplearon los métodos teóricos análisis-síntesis e inducción-deducción, por ser significativos en el proceso, además, los métodos empíricos de observación y revisión documental para descubrir y acumular los datos necesarios. Un aspecto indispensable fue la observación y registro sistemático del lenguaje utilizado por periodistas y profesionales que desempeñan su labor en distintos medios de difusión masiva. En los resultados se recogieron 216 hechos que constituyen insuficiencias en el lenguaje de los universitarios participantes en la investigación ―138 de ellos recaen en el plano oral (63%), mientras 78, en la escritura (36%)―. Ello se debe a que el lenguaje oral es espontáneo, rápido y situacional, mientras que la escritura está más expuesta a la revisión y corrección. Una conclusión insoslayable: en los fenómenos mostrados se constata lo permeado de carencias en que se encuentra el lenguaje de dichos docentes, así como la influencia ejercida por los medios de difusión masiva en los hechos descritos

Variación entre años de la fauna de parásitos metazoos de Sciaena deliciosa (Tschudi, 1846) (Perciformes: Sciaenidae) en Lima, Perú Between-year variation of metazoan parasite fauna on Sciaena deliciosa (Tschudi, 1846) (Perciformes: Sciaenidae) in Lima, Peru

Se evalúa la estructura comunitaria de los parásitos de Sciaena deliciosa (Tschudi, 1846), y se analiza si la composición, riqueza, diversidad, prevalencia e intensidad media de sus comunidades parasitarias cambia entre muestras tomadas con 20 años de diferencia en Lima, Perú, entre agosto 1987 y julio 1988 y de agosto a septiembre del 2008 en peces de similar longitud corporal. Los parásitos metazoos fueron colectados y censados empleando las técnicas convencionales. La abundancia total fue de 1,7 (0 a 13) y la riqueza de especies de parásitos fue 0,7 (0 a 2 especies de parásitos por pez). Treinta hospederos mostraron infección con al menos un parásito (60%). Se encontraron siete taxa de parásitos: dos monogeneos Cynoscionicola sciaenae y Hargicotyle sciaenae; un digeneo Helicometra fasciata; un nemátodo Dycheline amaruincai, un acantocéfalo Tegorhynchus sp., y dos copépodos Caligus callaoensis y Lernanthropus huamani. Un análisis comparativo entre los parásitos de S. deliciosa entre 1987-1988 y 2008, muestran una disminución en la prevalencia de Tegorhynchus sp., D. amaruincai, Bomolochusperuensis y Neobrachiella oralis. La intensidad media aumentó para C. americana y Tegorhynchus sp. y disminuyó para C. callaoensis. Las diferencias entre años pudieran estar influenciadas por las variaciones en la temperatura del agua que afectaron los estados larvales y/o reproducción de los copépodos, en la amplitud del periodo de estudio y en el tamaño de la muestra.<br>The community structure of parasites on Sciaena deliciosa (Tschudi, 1846), is evaluated and eventual changes are analyzed in the composition, richness, diversity, prevalence and mean intensity of parasite communities on fish specimens that were similar in body length but were sampled 20 years apart (August 1987 to July 1988 vs. August to September 2008) in Lima, Perú. Metazoan parasites were collected and counted employing conventional techniques. Total abundance was 1.7 (0-13) and parasite species richness was 0.7 (0-2 parasite species per fish). Thirsty hosts (60%) were infected by at least with one parasite. Seven parasite taxa were found: two monogeneans (Cynoscionicola sciaenae, Hargicotyle sciaenae), a digenean (Helicometra fasciata), a nematode (Dycheline amaruincai), an acanthocephalan (Tegorhynchus sp.), and two copepods (Caligus callaoensis, Lernanthropus huamani). This comparative analysis (parasites of S. deliciosa in 1987-1988 vs in 2008), showed a decreased prevalence of Tegorhynchus sp., D. amaruincai, Bomolochus peruensis, and Neobrachiella oralis. The mean intensity increased for C americana and Tegorhynchus sp. and diminished for C callaoensis. Differences between years could be influenced by variations of sea temperature that affect larval stages and/or copepod reproduction over the course of the study period and size of the sample

Severe asthma: One disease and multiple definitions

Introduction There is, so far, no universal definition of severe asthma. This definition usually relies on: number of exacerbations, inhaled therapy, need for oral corticosteroids, and respiratory function. The use of such parameters varies in the different definitions used. Thus, according to the parameters chosen, each patient may result in having severe asthma or not. The aim of this study was to evaluate how the choice of a specific definition of severe asthma can change the allocation of patients. Methods Data collected from the Severe Asthma Network Italy (SANI) registry were analyzed. All the patients included were then reclassified according to the definitions of U-BIOPRED, NICE, WHO, ATS/ERS, GINA, ENFUMOSA, and TENOR. Results 540 patients, were extracted from the SANI database. We observed that 462 (86%) met the ATS/ERS criteria as well as the GINA criteria, 259 (48%) the U-Biopred, 222 (41%) the NICE, 125 (23%) the WHO, 313 (58%) the Enfumosa, and 251 (46%) the TENOR criteria. The mean eosinophil value were similar in the ATS/ERS, U-Biopred, and Enfumosa (528, 532 and 516 cells/mcl), higher in WHO and Tenor (567 and 570 cells/mcl) and much higher in the NICE classification (624 cells/mcl). Lung function tests resulted similarly in all groups, with WHO (67%) and ATS/ERS-GINA (73%), respectively, showing the lower and upper mean FEV1 values. Conclusions The present observations clearly evidence the heterogeneity in the distribution of patients when different definitions of severe asthma are used. However, the recent definition of severe asthma, provided by the GINA document, is similar to that indicated in 2014 by ATS/ERS, allowing mirror reclassification of the patients examined. This lack of homogeneity could complicate the access to biological therapies. The definition provided by the GINA document, which reflects what suggested by ATS/ERS, could partially overcome the problem

Myeloid cells are tunable by a polyanionic polysaccharide derivative and co-determine host rescue from lethal virus infection

International audienceInsight into molecular and cellular mechanisms of innate immunity is critical to understand viral pathogenesis and immunopathology and might be exploited for therapy. Whereas the molecular mechanisms of the IFN defense are well established, cellular mechanisms of antiviral immunity are only emerging, and their pharmacological triggering remains unknown. COAM is a polysaccharide derivative with antiviral activity but without comprehension about its mechanism of action. The COAM mixture was fractionated, and prophylactic treatment of mice with COAM polymers of high MW resulted in a conversion from 100% lethal mengovirus infection to an overall survival rate of 93% without obvious clinical sequelae. Differential and quantitative analysis of peritoneal leukocytes demonstrated that COAM induced a profound influx of neutrophils. Selective cell depletion experiments pointed toward neutrophils and macrophages as key effector cells in the rescue of mice from lethal mengovirus. COAM was able to induce mRNA and protein expression of the mouse neutrophil chemokine GCP-2. Binding of GCP-2 to COAM was demonstrated in solution and confirmed by SPR technology. Although COAM was not chemotactic for neutrophils, COAM-anchored muGCP-2 retained chemotactic activity for human and mouse neutrophils. In conclusion, this study established that COAM rescued mice from acute and lethal mengovirus infection by recruiting antiviral leukocytes to the site of infection, as proposed through the induction, binding, and concentration of endogenous chemokines. These findings reinforce the role of neutrophils and macrophages as critical cells that can be manipulated toward antiviral defense