Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual dan Transgender (LGBT) dalam Perspektif Hak Asasi Manusia di Indonesia

Hak Asasi Manusia mengalami perkembangan dari masa ke masa seiring dengan perubahan kondisi sosial dalam suatu masyarakat. Era globalisasi hari ini memungkinkan pertukaran ide dan wacana termasuk di bidang hak asasi manusia. Hal ini menjadi tantangan dalam pelaksanaan serta upaya pemajuan hak asasi manusia dalam suatu negara. Salah satu wacana yang perlu mendapat perhaitan adalah terkait dengan hak-hak kelompok Lesbian, Gay, Biseksual dan Transgender (LGBT). Dalam merespon dinamika hak asasi manusia ini, penting untuk meneguhkan konsepsi hak asasi manusia suatu negara sebagai kerangka dalam pembangunan hukum hak asasi manusia yang harmonis dan selaras dengan tujuan dan cita masyarakat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui serta menganalisis konsepsi hak asasi manusia di Indonesia, konstruksi hukum LGBT berdasarkan pandangan hak asasi manusia di Indonesia dan implikasi hukum LGBT atas pandangan hak asasi manusia di Indonesia. Metode dalam penelitian ini adalah pendekatan perundangundangan (statue approach), pendekatan analisis(analytical approach) dan pendekatan konseptual (conceptual approach). Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa konsepsi hak asasi manusia di Indonesia tidak dapat dilepaskan dari nilai-nilai yang hidup dalam masyarakat Indonesia seperti nilai moral, kesusilaan dan agama. Nilai-nilai tersebut adalah kristalisasi dari Pancasila. Konstruksi hukum LGBT pun tidak dapat dilepaskan dari Pancasila sebagai cita hukum bangsa Indonesia. Asas Ketuhanan dalam Pancasila yang memiliki arti bahwa setiap produk hukum di Indonesia tidak boleh bertentangan dengan agama, merusak agama dan diskriminatif terhadap agama. Berdasarkan konstruksi ini maka sulit bagi LGBT untuk diakui atau dilegalkan di Indonesia karena bertentangan dengan nilai-nilai yang hidup dalam bangsa Indonesia sebagaima tertuang dalam Pancasila. Namun, pemerintah tetap harus menjamin dan melakukan perlindungan terhadap hak-hak LGBT sepanjang tidak bertentangan dengan nilainilai yang dianut oleh bangsa Indonesia

The impact of different biochars on Stemphylium leaf blight SLB suppression and productivity of onion Allium cepa L.

Objectives: Onion is a highly consumed vegetable crop in many countries, being a vital component of every dish. Recent studies indicated that different plant residues’ and animal manure-based biochars have strong impacts on the growth and development of plants. However, the impact of these biochars on disease suppression remains elusive. Therefore, this two-year study assessed the impact of animal and plant residues-based biochars on the suppression of Stemphylium leaf blight (SLB) of onion and productivity of the crop. Methods: Three pyrolyzed biochars cotton sticks, wheat straw and poultry litter) were used in the study. Biochars were prepared in the laboratory and applied to soil prior to crop sowing in same concentration during both years of study. Results: Poultry litter biochar had the highest impact on allometric traits and productivity of onion, and successfully reduced SLB severity. The control treatment had the lowest productivity and the highest disease severity during both years of the study. The remaining biochars (cotton sticks and wheat straw) hadmoderate influence on growth and development of onion plants. The disease severity was higher compared to poultry litter; however, it was lower in both biochars than control treatment. It is concluded that different animal and plant residues-based biochars could be used to improve plant health. Nonetheless, the response of these biochars will be crop-specific. Conclusion: Poultry litter biochar can be successfully used to suppress SLB in onion and productivity of the crop. Nevertheless, the actual mechanisms involved in disease suppression warrant further investigation

The impact of immediate breast reconstruction on the time to delivery of adjuvant therapy: the iBRA-2 study

Background: Immediate breast reconstruction (IBR) is routinely offered to improve quality-of-life for women requiring mastectomy, but there are concerns that more complex surgery may delay adjuvant oncological treatments and compromise long-term outcomes. High-quality evidence is lacking. The iBRA-2 study aimed to investigate the impact of IBR on time to adjuvant therapy. Methods: Consecutive women undergoing mastectomy ± IBR for breast cancer July–December, 2016 were included. Patient demographics, operative, oncological and complication data were collected. Time from last definitive cancer surgery to first adjuvant treatment for patients undergoing mastectomy ± IBR were compared and risk factors associated with delays explored. Results: A total of 2540 patients were recruited from 76 centres; 1008 (39.7%) underwent IBR (implant-only [n = 675, 26.6%]; pedicled flaps [n = 105,4.1%] and free-flaps [n = 228, 8.9%]). Complications requiring re-admission or re-operation were significantly more common in patients undergoing IBR than those receiving mastectomy. Adjuvant chemotherapy or radiotherapy was required by 1235 (48.6%) patients. No clinically significant differences were seen in time to adjuvant therapy between patient groups but major complications irrespective of surgery received were significantly associated with treatment delays. Conclusions: IBR does not result in clinically significant delays to adjuvant therapy, but post-operative complications are associated with treatment delays. Strategies to minimise complications, including careful patient selection, are required to improve outcomes for patients

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

Cross-border impact of the Financial Services Modernization Act: evidence from large foreign banks

This article investigates the impact of the Financial Services Modernization Act (FSMA) on foreign banks. We find that the banking sectors of most developed countries experience significant negative spillover effect. However, the impacts on any two countries' banking sectors are not identical. Most importantly, we show that exposure to systematic risk with respect to the world equity index can explain the cross-sectional variation of the wealth effects. We also find that larger banks are more adversely affected.

Trade liberalization and industry performance in Bangladesh

This paper analyzes trade liberalization's impact on Bangladesh's manufacturing sector performance. Using firm level input and output data and employing a nonparametric data envelopment analysis (DEA), we calculate technical, pure technical and allocative efficiencies for a sample of 82 firms collected over two periods of time: 1993 and 1998. Then, applying a Malmquist index method, we calculate indices of total factor productivity change and decompose them into technological change, technical efficiency change and scale efficiency change. Our results show that the majority of Bangladeshi manufacturing firms experienced a positive total factor productivity growth between 1993 and 1998, averaging 29% over a five-year period. Export-oriented firms have performed better than import-oriented firms in improving their technical efficiency relative to the best-practice firms in their own sub-group. When these results are compared with the official statistics on the output performance of manufacturing firms, we can conclude that trade liberalization in the 1990s did not adversely affect the Bangladeshi manufacturing industry.Trade liberalization Efficiency Productivity DEA Malmquist index Bangladesh

An Artificial Intelligence Based X-AODV Routing Protocol for MANET

Abstract: In wireless network environment all nodes behave in multi-hope paradigm, in which every node contains information about the link and connectivity in infrastructure-less manner.If any node moves from its original place to another with or without prescribed manner it called mobile network MANET. To maintain the updated information about the location as well as routing of the node, some efficient protocols such as AODV, DSR, DSDV etc are been used currently.In wireless network paradigm where other issues are there, but security becomes is a very important aspect. In wireless network transmission becomes disrupt when attacks becomes occur. Those attacks can be imposing on any OSI layer, Physical, Network and Transport layer. In this paper we presented an Artificial Intelligence based efficient and secure X-AODV routing protocol for intelligently adaptation secure and congestion-less path. We compare our proposed protocol with two latest modified protocols (SAODV and ARAN) and simulation results show that our proposed routing protocol provides a better attack detection and provide security and performance than existing works. The simulation results show the improvement of the network performance with secure path adaptation as well as minimum delay

CORRELATION OF CHOROIDAL THICKNESS AND BODY MASS INDEX

Purpose:To evaluate the possible changes in the microvascular structure of the choroid by measuring choroidal thickness (CT) in four different body mass index (BMI) groups of healthy individuals.Methods:One hundred and sixty eyes of 160 healthy individuals (70 females and 90 males) were included in this cross-sectional study. Healthy individuals were divided into 4 groups according to their BMIs. Cases with BMI 18.50 formed Group 1, cases with BMI between 18.50 and 24.99 formed Group 2, cases with BMI between 25.00 and 29.99 formed Group 3, and cases with BMI between 30.00 and 34.99 formed Group 4. The CT was measured by the enhanced depth imaging technique of the spectral domain optical coherence tomography. The CT was measured at subfoveal area and at 500-m intervals to the nasal and temporal to the fovea up to 2,000 m. The measurements were then statistically compared among the four groups.Results:The mean ages were 26.5 6.9 years (range: 18-39 years) in Group 1, 27.2 +/- 5.0 (range: 21-38 years) in Group 2, 28.5 +/- 5.9 (range: 20-40 years) in Group 3, and 29.25 +/- 5.6 (range: 20-40 years) in Group 4. The mean subfoveal CT (in micrometers) was 378 +/- 86 (range: 189-563) in Group 1, 384 +/- 102 (range: 225-643) in Group 2, 314 +/- 66 (range: 160-455) in Group 3, and 317 +/- 63 (range: 220-411) in Group 4. There was a statistically significant difference among the 4 groups in regard to CT in all locations (P < 0.05).Conclusion:We have demonstrated that BMI may have an influence on the CT of healthy persons. Individuals in both Group 3 and Group 4 have thinner choroids than the individuals in both Group 1 and Group 2

Inner and outer segment junction (IS/OS line) integrity in ocular Behçet's disease

Purpose: In this study, we examined the spectral domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) findings of ocular Behçet's disease (OB) in patients with inactive uveitis. Specifically, we analyzed the inner and outer segment junction (IS/OS line) integrity and the effect of disturbed IS/OS line integrity on visual acuity. Methods: Patient files and OCT images of OB patients who had been followed-up between January and June of the year 2013 at the Dicle University Eye Clinic were evaluated retrospectively. Sixty-six eyes of 39 patients were included the study. Results: OCT examination of the patients with inactive OB revealed that approximately 25% of the patients had disturbed IS/OS and external limiting membrane (EML) line integrity, lower visual acuity (VA), and lower macular thickness than others. Linear regression analysis revealed that macular thickness was not an independent variable for VA. In contrast, the IS/OS line integrity was an independent variable for VA in inactive OB patients. Conclusion: In this study, we showed that the IS/OS line integrity was an independent variable for VA in inactive OB patients. Further prospective studies are needed to evaluate the integrity of the IS/OS line in OB patients