Toplumsal Kalkınmanın Kavramsallaştırılması: Yaygın Araştırılmayan Bir Olgu ve Çalışan-Örgüt Uyumu için Olası Çıkarımlar

Following the emergence of post-materialistic societies after World War II, economic growth was the dominating societal development dimension. However, universal societal growth principles ignore that societies and groups construe their own subjective societal development map parallel to their members' needs, values, and beliefs. Recent research on conceptualizations of societal development provides an opportunity to elaborate on the potential implications for work organizations. This paper aims to draw attention to conceptualizations of societal development as a potentially critical factor determining how employees perceive their organizations and their jobs serving sustainable development goals. We apply a social identity perspective to reflect on employee-organization fit built on shared views of societal development, providing the foundation of employee motivation to achieve the organization's goals. Finally, a research agenda integrating employees' and organizations' perceptions of societal developmental goals is proposed.   Keywords: societal development goals, employee-organization fit, social identity &nbsp

"Yukarıda Açlık Kesin, Aşağıda Ölüm Belki!" Ocakta Çalışmak Bir Tercih mi?

With its inhabitants, aboveground and subsurface forests, the Zonguldak coal basin has been a resource supplier throughout its existence. Today, the Basin, which supplies subsurface forests (hard coal) for our country’s energy generation, has taken on the responsibility of transporting lumber from aboveground forests to Istanbul’s Golden Horn Shipyard. Beginning in the 1840s, the coal-bearing period altered and reshaped the Basin’s production and labour relations, and the meaning ascribed to the phenomena of work. Nonetheless, despite the inherent dangers, working as an underground mining worker has never been forgotten and has always been in great demand. The purpose of this study is to ascertain the dynamics that influence the Basin’s residents’ desire to work underground. To accomplish this goal, the context’s qualities, the relationships between the context and the working phenomena are explored, and the question of whether working as an underground miner reflects the Basin people’s will is discussed. Studies within the scope of The European Union-funded Psychosocial Security at Work Project were effective in confronting this issue that should occupy our minds. Among these studies, focus group discussions with occupational physicians and occupational safety experts were carried out as part of the Project. The statements made during these discussions were included to support this discussion, as well.Zonguldak kömür havzası, insanıyla, yer üstü ve yer altı ormanlarıyla varlığının her döneminde kaynak sağlayan olmuştur. Günümüzde yer altı ormanlarını (taşkömürü) ülkemiz enerji üretimine sunan Havza, kömürden önce yer üstü ormanlarından elde edilen kerestenin gemi yapımında kullanılmak üzere İstanbul’daki Haliç Tersanesi’ne sağlanması görevini üstlenmişti. 1840’larda başlayan kömürlü dönem Havzadaki üretim ve çalışma ilişkilerini değiştirmiş, dönüştürmüştür. Bu dönüşüm çalışma olgusuna atfedilen anlamın da dönüşümünü etkilemiştir. Fakat, barındırdığı yüksek risklere rağmen yer altı maden işçiliği hiçbir zaman unutulmamış, talep görmeye devam etmiştir. Bu çalışmada Havza insanının yer altında çalışmaya yönelmesine etki eden dinamiğin keşfedilmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Bu amacı gerçekleştirmek üzere bağlamın özellikleri, bağlam ile çalışma olgusu arasındaki ilişkiler aktarılmakta ve madende yer altı işçisi olarak çalışmanın Havza insanının iradesini yansıtan bir tercih olup olmadığı tartışılmaktadır. Bu tartışmayı desteklemek üzere, zihinleri meşgul etmesi gereken bu konu ile yüzleşmemizde ve bu çalışmanın filizlenip büyümesinde etkili olan Avrupa Birliği[1] destekli İş’te Psikososyal Güvenlik Projesi kapsamında işyeri hekimleri ve iş güvenliği uzmanları ile gerçekleştirilen odak grup çalışmalarında aktarılan ifadelere de yer verilmektedir.   [1] “Bu yayın Avrupa Birliği ve Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nin maddi desteği ile hazırlanmıştır. İçerik tamamıyla yazarların sorumluluğu altındadır ve Avrupa Birliği ve Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nin görüşlerini yansıtmak zorunda değildir.

Being trainer in civil society: The motivational effect of trainers’ individual characteristics and structural job characteristics of training projectsSivil toplum alanında eğitmenlik: Eğitimci motivasyonunu etkileyen bireysel özellikler ve eğitim projelerinin yapısal iş özellikleri

The aim of this research is to understand the motivation of trainers who work in civil society as one of the most influential actor of the sector and take important roles in lifelong learning programs and non-formal training projects. The individual characteristics and the features of job structure that trigger the trainers to work in civil society are investigated. Since we didn’t meet any study on this issue in the local literature, the qualitative methodology was preferred in order to investigate research question in the context of Turkey. Data were collected by semi-structured interviews with 11 trainers. The inductive qualitative data analysis was applied to transcribed interviews and MAXQDA 11 was used as qualitative data analysis software. Results showed that trainers’ self-construal based on their role in civil society is one of the individual characteristics that directs trainers to work in civil arena. Trainers’ behavioral competencies like adaptation and team working; and technical competencies like being able to use training methods and tools effectively are other themes under individual characteristics that motivate trainers. Basic individual values like sensitivity to social problems, worldview from the angle of human rights and democracy, and scientific approach were observed as the factors that lead people to work in civil organizations. The structural characteristics of training program like the project topic, target groups, and relationship within the team were among the dimensions of job structure. Moreover, frequency of training delivery, time pressure, and compensations were salient themes of working conditions in training projects. In this paper, the effect of all these factors on trainers’ motivation to involve in the civil society training projects is going to be discussed. ÖzetBu araştırmanın amacı sivil toplum alanının en etkili aktörlerinden biri olan ve yaygın eğitim çalışmalarında önemli roller üstlenen sivil alan eğitmenlerinin çalışma motivasyonlarının anlaşılmasıdır. Hangi bireysel özelliklerin ve işin yapısından kaynaklanan hangi unsuların eğitmenleri sivil alanda çalışmaya yönelttiği incelenmektedir. Ulusal literatürde bu konuda bir çalışmaya rastlanmadığından, özellikle araştırma sorusunun Türkiye bağlamında anlaşılması için nitel araştırma yöntemi tercih edilmiştir. Onbir sivil alan eğitmeni ile yarı yapılandırılmış mülakat gerçekleştirilmiştir. Deşifre edilen görüşmeler üzerinde tümevarıma dayalı içerik analizi uygulanmış, nitel veri analizi programı olarak da MAXQDA 11 kullanılmıştır. Bulgular, bireyin benlik tanımlamasını sivil alanda üstlendiği eğitmenlik rolü üzerinden yapmasının, bireysel tetikleyicilerden birisi olduğunu göstermektedir. Eğitmenlerin adaptasyon, takım çalışması gibi davranışsal yetkinlikleri ile eğitim yöntem ve araçlarına hâkimiyeti gibi teknik yetkinlikleri diğer bireysel özelliklerdir. Son olarak, toplumsal sorunlara duyarlılık, hak ve demokrasi temelli dünya görüşü, bilimsel yaklaşım gibi temel değerler de kişileri sivil alanda çalışmaya güdüleyen unsurlardır. Sivil toplum eğitmenlerinin yürüttükleri eğitim programının yapısı, yani, projenin türü, konusu, hedef kitle ve ekip içindeki ilişkiler gibi özellikler, işin yapısal özellikleri arasında yer almaktadır. Eğitimi verme sıklığı, zaman kısıtları ve ücretlendirme gibi unsurlar da eğitim projesindeki çalışma koşulları kapsamında görüşmelerde öne çıkan temalar arasındadır. Bu makalede, bu unsurların eğitmenlerin motivasyonu üzerindeki etkileri tartışılacaktır

Treatability of wastewaters containing complex metal by electrocoagulation process

Toxic metals have been categorized in priority pollutant lists and their proper management is the main subject of recent environmental studies. Conventionally, hydroxide precipitation of metals is being employed for the treatment of metal finishing industry wastewaters. However, effluents bearing complexed heavy metals cannot be efficiently removed by employing precipitation methods. Recent research has demonstrated that electrocoagulation (EC) offers an attractive alternative to conventional treatment methods applied to metal finishing wastewaters. EC is known as an easy-to-operate and efficient electrochemical treatment method preferentially applied to treat "hard" industrial wastewater. EC using stainless steel and aluminum electrodes appears to be an ideal candidate for treatment of wastewaters containing complexed metals. Considering the above indicated facts, the present study focused on the treatability of metal finishing effluent originating from the nickel and zinc plating process by EC using stainless steel electrodes. In order to observe the system's performance as a function of varying process variables such as electrolyte (chloride) concentration, current density (mA/cm2), initial pH of the reaction solution and operation time, the feasibility of the proposed alternative treatment system was evaluated under different working conditions in terms of heavy metal (nickel and zinc) and organic matter (TOC) removal. Generally speaking, the treatment performance of EC  highly dependent upon the pH of the wastewater to be treated and the pH increases from its original pH to alkaline pH values during the course of reaction due to cathodic hydroxide formation. For the evaluation of the effect of initial pH on process performance, a series of experiments were carried out with the effluent at a fixed electrolyte concentration (1615 mg/L chloride) and current density (22.5 mA/cm2) at initial pH values of 3-10. The obtained findings indicated that the overall TOC removals were independent from pH at the studied pH range. On the other hand, heavy metal removal via EC was governed by the effluent pH. This is mainly because the pH value reached at the end of the selected EC operation time (120 min) was in the proper range for zinc and nickel hydroxide precipitation. On the other hand, nickel removal was influenced by the residual TOC and significant nickel removal began after TOC fell below 100 mg/L. The electrolyte concentration increases the conductivity of the reaction solution which in turn reduces the voltage needed to achieve a certain current. The effect of electrolyte concentration on the process performance was also examined. The experiments were conducted with effluent having initial pH of 6.0 at a fixed current density (22.5 mA/cm2) at electrolyte (chloride) concentrations in the range of 1500-3000 mg/L. Increasing the chloride concentration from 1500 to 3000 mg/L accelerated the TOC removals for an operation time of 75 min. However, the actual chloride concentration of the wastewater (1350-1480 mg/L) was adequate for TOC, nickel and zinc removal employing EC. In terms of both treatment efficiencies and electrical energy requirements, the applied current density is the most critical factor and hence key design parameter affecting the treatment systems's response time as well as dominant separation/pollutant mode. For any specific application, the optimal current density has to be determined and will invariably involve a trade-off between operational costs and most efficient use of the produced coagulant. Therefore, a series of EC experiments was carried out with the same effluent at densities varying between 2.25 - 56.25 mA/cm2. For the evaluation of the affect of current density on system performance the original pH (6.0) and chloride concentration (1480 mg/L) of the wastewater were selected. From the experimental results it could be concluded that increasing the current density from 2.25 to 9.0 mA/cm2 dramatically increased TOC removal efficiencies from 20% to 60%. For the higher current densities investigated (22.5-56.25 mA/cm2), the same TOC removal efficiencies could be achieved but at relatively shorter reaction times. Keywords: Electrocoagulation; metal finishing industry, nickel and zinc removal; organic carbon abatement, stainless steel electrodes.Günümüzde ağır metal içeren atıksuların arıtılması gerek bu tip akımların çok çeşitli kaynaklarının olması gerekse kirlenmede taşıdıkları önem nedeniyle dikkatle değerlendirilmesi gereken bir nokta olarak gündeme gelmektedir. Kompleks olarak bağlı metal içeren atıksular, bünyelerinde organik kompleks yapıcıların (organik ligandların) bulunduğu atıksulardır. Henüz bu atıksularının arıtımı için uygun bir arıtma teknolojisi tanımlanmamıştır. Bu çalışmada elektrokoagülasyon prosesinin, metal son işlemleri endüstrisi kompleks olarak bağlı metal içeren atıksularına uygulanabilirliği, bir asidik nikel çinko kaplama banyosundan kaynak bazında alınan atıksu numunesi ile bu işlemi takip eden yıkamaları karakterize etmek üzere hazırlanan kompozit numune (TOK=173-207 mg/L; Ni=275-291 mg/L, Zn=226-236 mg/L) kullanılarak araştırılmıştır. Elektrolit konsantrasyonunun, başlangıç pH sının ve akım yoğunluğunun çinko ve nikel ile birlikte organik madde (TOK) giderimi üzerine etkileri incelenmiş ve değerlendirilmiştir. Deneysel çalışmadan elde edilen sonuçlar; paslanmaz çelik elektrodların kullanıldığı elektrokoagülasyon uygulaması ile söz konusu atıksulardan nikel ve çinkonun % 100 verimle tamamen giderilebildiğini göstermiştir. Başlangıç pH sının ve elektrolit konsantrasyonunun TOK giderimi üzerine önemli bir etkisinin olmadığı ve atıksuyun kendi bünyesindeki klorür konsantrasyonunun elektrokoagülasyon prosesinin işletimi için yeterli olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır. Akım yoğunluğunun etkisinin belirlendiği deneysel çalışmalarda ise 2.25-9.0 mA/cm2 akım yoğunlukları arasında artan akım yoğunluğu ile TOK giderme veriminin arttığı, daha yüksek akım yoğunluklarında (22.5-56.25 mA/cm2 aralığı) ise aynı TOK giderim verimlerine daha kısa sürelerde ulaşıldığı belirlenmiştir. Bu proses ile optimum işletme koşullarında (akım yoğunluğu= 22.5 mA/cm2; başlangıç pH= 6); numunenin kendi bünyesindeki çözünmüş madde konsantrasyonundan elektrolit olarak  faydalanılarak çinko ve nikel tamamen, TOK ise %50 oranında giderilmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Çelik elektrodlar, elektrokoagülasyon, kompleks olarak bağlı metal içeren atıksular, metal son işlemleri endüstrisi,  nikel ve çinko giderimi, organik madde giderimi

Dimethyl phthalate degradation by Peroxymonosulfate (oxone)/UV-C photochemical process

Ftalik asit esterleri (ftalatlar) kağıt, karton, kozmetik, deterjan, şampuan, sabun, tıbbi malzeme, plastik kap ve boya üretiminde hammadde veya yardımcı kimyasal madde olarak kullanılmaktadır. Endüstrilerde, malzemelerin esneklik özelliğini arttırmak için kullanılan ftalatlar, toksik özellik gösteren, kanserojen, endokrin bozucu ve birikme potansiyeline sahip maddelerdir. Ftalatların arıtımında konvansiyonel arıtma prosesleri ile yüksek giderme verimleri elde edilememekte ve bu nedenle arıtımlarında adsorpsiyon ve ileri oksidasyon proseslerinden yararlanılmaktadır. Bu çalışma kapsamında endokrin bozucu ve toksik etkileri nedeniyle kullanımlarında yasal düzenlemeler yapılmış ftalatlara örnek teşkil etmek üzere seçilen dimetil ftalat (DMF) model kirleticisinin sulu çözeltisinin fotokimyasal ileri oksidasyon proseslerinden olan peroksimonosülfat (PMS-okson)/UV-C ile arıtımı incelenmiştir. Giriş PMS konsantrasyonunun ve başlanıç pH değerinin proses giderim verimi üzerine etkisi araştırılmış ve prosesin arıtma performansı DMF ve TOK ölçümleri yapılarak değerlendirilmiştir. Gerçekleştirilen deneysel çalışmalarda PMS/UV-C prosesi ile DMF’nin gideriminin birinci dereceden hız kinetiğine uyum sağladığı belirlenmiştir. Belirli bir değere kadar (50mM) artan PMS konsantrasyonu ile DMF giderimi için birinci dereceden hız sabitinin arttığı tespit edilmiştir. En yüksek hız sabiti k40mM= 0.276 L/dk olarak bulunmuştur ve PMS konsantrasyonu 50 mM’a arttırıldığında hız sabiti k50mM= 0.246 L/dk değerine düşmüştür. TOK giderimi incelendiğinde ise artan PMS konsantrasyonu ile tam mineralizasyonun sağlandığı arıtma süreleri azalmaktadır. Optimum PMS konsantrasyonunda (40mM) 40. dakikanın sonunda tam mineralizas-yon sağlanmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlar ışığında DMF gideriminde PMS/UV-C prosesinin uygulanabilir etkin bir arıtma prosesi olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır.  Anahtar Kelimeler: Dimetil ftalat; elektrik enerjisi tüketimi; endokrin bozucu maddeler; fotokimyasal arıtma; kimyasal oksidasyon; peroksimonosülfat (okson).Phthalate esters (PAEs) are used as plasticizers to impart flexibility and resilience to plastic products. Other uses of phthalates are in ceramic, paper, cosmetic, ink, and paint industries. In recent years, PAEs have become a controversial issue because many phthalates are suspected to be mutagens, hepatotoxic agents and endocrine disruptors, and can lead to adverse effects on organisms even in a low concentration. The short-chained esters such as dimethyl phthalate (DMP), which mainly originate from industrial wastewater discharge and leaching and volatilization from plastic products during their usage and after disposal, are among the most frequently, identified PAEs in diverse environmental samples including marine water, surface waters and sediments. Studies of DMP?s biodegradation in fresh water, marine water, sediment, wastewater and sludge, have revealed a low degradation rate in the range of several days to a few months. Thus the destruction of these bio-recalcitrant organic pollutants requires the application of vigorous oxidizing agents, such as those used in advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). Recently, sulfate radical based-AOPs have attracted great scientific and technological interest in the area of wastewater treatment and other environmental applications. OxoneÒ, the commercial name of potassium peroxymonosulfate, is a triple salt with the composition of 2KHSO5·KHSO4·K2SO4 is a convenient source of generating sulfate radical (SO4·-). Peroxymonosulfate (PMS), is a mono-SO3- substituted hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and has been used in a restricted way as an oxidant in light induced processes. Radiolysis, photolysis, or thermal activation of PMS leads to the formation of both SO4·- and hydroxyl radical (HO·). The use of UV light leads to the generation of SO4·- and HO· through the photolysis of the PMS. SO4·- is a very strong oxidant (Eo = 3.1 eV) and engages in at least three reaction modes with organic compounds similar to HO·: by abstracting a hydrogen atom from saturated carbon, by addition to unsaturated or aromatic carbon, and by removing one electron from carboxylate anions and from certain neutral molecules which may eventually lead to the mineralization of the organic substance. The main targets of the present study were: to assess the performance of PMS/UV-C process in the treatment of aqueous solution of DMP (100 mg/L) selected as a model PAE and to explore the effect of some important operating parameters, such as reaction pH (3-9), initial PMS concentration (0-60 mM) and reaction time (0-120 min) on DMP and organic carbon abatement rates. The  results of this study is expected provide fundamental and practical information as a guide for the treatment of bio-recalcitrant organic pollutants by the PMS/UV-C process. For the initial pH values tested, it was found that lowering the initial pH of the aqueous DMP solution slightly improved the degradation rate of DMP. For instance, higher than 95% DMP abatement was achieved after 60 min at pH 3 while the extended reaction times, i.e. 90 and 120 min, required in order to achieve the same level of DMP reduction at initial pH values of 6 and 9 for 5 mM initial PMS concentration, respectively. However, TOC abatements were slightly enhanced with increasing the initial pH. Based on these results pH 3 was selected as the most effective pH for the degradation of DMP. DMP abatement increased with elevating initial PMS concentrations from 5 to 40 mM. Further increase in initial PMS concentration to 50 and 60 mM, however, slightly reduced the extent of DMP removal. With an initial DMP concentration about 100 mg/L, more than 95% of DMP could be removed at time of 20 min under an initial PMS concentration of 40 mM. DMP degradation by PMS/UV-C process successfully represented by a pseudo first-order kinetic model and the highest reaction rate constant was calculated as 0.276 L/min for 40 mM initial PMS concentration. As aforementioned further increase of the PMS concentration slightly reduces the DMP removal rates to 0.246 L/min for 50 mM and 0.243 L/min for 60 mM initial PMS concentrations. The photodegradation of aqueous organic pollutant is an electrical-energy-intensive process, and electrical energy typically represents a major fraction of the operating costs. The lowest electrical energy per order (EE/O) value for DMP oxidation by PMS/UV-C process was calculated as  2.9 kWh m-3 order-1 at the case of 40 mM PMS concentration. Keywords: Dimethyl phthalate; operating cost analysis; endocrine distrupting compounds; photochemical treatment; peroxymonosulfate (oxone), chemical oxidation

Family first: Evidence of consistency and variation in the value of family versus personal happiness across 49 different cultures

People care about their own well-being, but also about the well-being of their families. It is currently however unknown how much people tend to value their own and their family’s well-being. A recent study documented that people value family happiness over personal happiness across four cultures. In this study, we sought to replicate this finding across a larger sample size (N = 12,819) and a greater number of countries (N = 49), We found that the strength of the idealization of family over personal happiness preference was small (average Cohen’s ds = .20 with country levels varying from -.02 to almost .48), but ubiquitous, i.e., direction presented in 98% of the studied countries, 73-75% with statistical significance and .40 and .30). Importantly, we did not find strong support for traditional theories in cross-cultural psychology that associate collectivism with greater prioritization of the family versus the individual; country level individualism-collectivism was not associated with variation in the idealization of family versus individual happiness. Our findings indicate that no matter how much various populists abuse the argument of “protecting family life” to disrupt emancipation, family happiness seems to be a pan-culturally phenomenon. Family well-being is a key ingredient of social fabric across the world, and should be acknowledged by psychology and well-being researchers, and by progressive movements too

Introduction to a culturally sensitive measure of well-being: Combining life satisfaction and interdependent happiness across 49 different cultures

How can one conclude that well-being is higher in country A than country B, when wellbeing is being measured according to the way people in country A think about wellbeing? We address this issue by proposing a new culturally sensitive method to comparing societal levels of well-being. We support our reasoning with data on life satisfaction and interdependent happiness focusing on individual and family, collected mostly from students, across forty-nine countries. We demonstrate that the relative idealization of the two types of wellbeing varies across cultural contexts and are associated with culturally different models of selfhood. Furthermore, we show that rankings of societal well-being based on life satisfaction tend to underestimate the contribution from interdependent happiness. We introduce a new culturally sensitive method for calculating societal well-being, and examine its construct validity by testing for associations with the experience of emotions and with individualism-collectivism. This new culturally sensitive approach represents a slight, yet important improvement in measuring well-being

Societal emotional environments and cross-cultural differences in life satisfaction: A forty-nine country study.

In this paper, we introduce the concept of ‘societal emotional environment’: the emotional climate of a society (operationalized as the degree to which positive and negative emotions are expressed in a society). Using data collected from 12,888 participants across 49 countries, we show how societal emotional environments vary across countries and cultural clusters, and we consider the potential importance of these differences for well-being. Multilevel analyses supported a ‘double-edged sword’ model of negative emotion expression, where expression of negative emotions predicted higher life satisfaction for the expresser but lower life satisfaction for society. In contrast, partial support was found for higher societal life satisfaction in positive societal emotional environments. Our study highlights the potential utility and importance of distinguishing between positive and negative emotion expression, and adopting both individual and societal perspectives in well-being research. Individual pathways to happiness may not necessarily promote the happiness of others

Happiness Maximization Is a WEIRD Way of Living

Psychological science tends to treat subjective wellbeing and happiness synonymously. We start from the assumption that subjective wellbeing is more than being happy to ask the fundamental question: what is the ideal level of happiness? From a cross-cultural perspective, we propose that the idealization of attaining maximum levels of happiness may be especially characteristic of WEIRD (Western, Educated, Industrial, Rich, Democratic) societies, but less so for others. Searching for an explanation for why “happiness maximization” might have emerged in these societies, we turn to studies linking cultures to their eco-environmental habitat. We discuss the premise that WEIRD cultures emerged in an exceptionally benign ecological habitat, i.e., compared to other regions, they faced relatively light existential pressures. We review the influence of the Gulfstream on the North-Western European climate as a source of these comparatively benign geographical conditions. We propose that the ecological conditions in which WEIRD societies emerged afforded them a basis to endorse happiness as a value and to idealise attaining its maximum level. To provide a nomological network for “happiness maximization”, we also studied its several potential side-effects: alcohol and drug consumption and abuse, and the prevalence of mania. To evaluate our hypothesis, we re-analyse data from two large-scale studies on ideal levels of personal life satisfaction—the most common operationalization of happiness in psychology—involving respondents from 61 countries. We conclude that societies whose members seek to maximize happiness tend to be characterized as a WEIRD, and generalizing this across societies can prove problematic if adopted at the ideological and policy level