Residual Malaria Transmission in Select Countries of Asia-Pacific Region: Old Wine in a New Barrel

Background: Despite substantial reductions in malaria burden and improvement in case management, malaria remains a major public health challenge in the Asia-Pacific region. Residual malaria transmission (RMT) is the fraction of total transmission that persists after achievement of full operational coverage with effective insecticide-treated bed nets (ITNs)/long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) and/or indoor residual spray interventions. There is a critical need to standardize and share best practices for entomological, anthropological, and product development investigative protocols to meet the challenges of RMT and elimination goals. Methods: A systematic review was conducted to describe when and where RMT is occurring, while specifically targeting ownership and usage of ITN/LLINs, indoor residual spray application, insecticide susceptibility of vectors, and human and vector biting behavior, with a focus on nighttime activities. Results: Sixty-six publications from 1995 to present met the inclusion criteria for closer review. Associations between local vector control coverage and use with behaviors of human and mosquito vectors varied by locality and circumstance. Consequently, the magnitude of RMT is insufficiently studied and analyzed with sparse estimates of individual exposure in communities, insufficient or incomplete observations of ITN/LLIN use, and the local human population movement into and from high-risk areas. Conclusions: This review identified significant gaps or deficiencies that require urgent attention, namely, developing standardized procedures and methods to estimate risk exposure beyond the peridomestic setting, analytical approaches to measure key human-vector interactions, and seasonal location-specific agricultural or forest use calendars, and establishing the collection of longitudinal human and vector data close in time and location

Zur Adsorption von CO2 auf NaCl(001)- und KCl(001)-Einkristallspaltflächen : höchstauflösende Polarisations-Fouriertransform-Infrarot-Spektroskopie, Diodenlaserspektroskopie, Beugung langsamer Elektronen und Spektrensimulationen

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Inhalation exposure to hazardous substances during powder-bed processes

This work resumes first results concerning the identification of workers' inhalation exposure by means of workplace measurements in the field of additive manufacturing. In particular for powder-bed processes, risks caused by mixed exposures due to released particles and relevant chemical constituents or possible volatile compounds have to be evaluated. The workplace measurements are focused on processes in the automotive as well as the aviation and tool construction industry. The aim is to gain exposure data concerning the application of metal-containing powders and alloys as well as polymer powders in powder-bed processes and to derive instructions for good working practice

Selektive Unkrautbekämpfung mittels Lasertechnik

In diesem Beitrag werden technische und wachstumsrelevante Aspekte des Einsatzes von Lasertechnik zur Unkrautbekämpfung vorgestellt. In der Erforschung thermischer Unkrautbekämpfung mittels Laser stand zunächst die Wechselwirkung zwischen Laserstrahl und Unkrautpflanze im Vordergrund. Nach Auswahl eines CO2-Lasers auf Basis erster Ergebnisse wurde für weitere Studien unter Berücksichtigung der Faktoren Laserenergie, Laserspotfläche, Abdeckung des Meristems, Unkrautart und Unkrautwuchsgröße die letale Schädigung modelliert. Dies wurde für die untersuchte Unkrautpflanze Amaranthus retroflexus dargestellt. Das Modell diente der Festlegung der online zu applizierenden Laserenergie. Darüber hinaus wurde die für eine wirksame Schädigung erforderliche Laserstrahlpositionierung untersucht sowie ein Testsystem entworfen. Mithilfe aktueller Bildverarbeitungssalgorithmen zur Unkrauterkennung und zur Bestimmung der Zielobjekte wurde eine Laser-Servomotor-Ansteuerung entwickelt. Das Projekt, in dessen Rahmen wesentliche Teile dieses Beitrages durchgeführt wurden, wird unter dem Titel „Untersuchungen zur Laserlichtwirkung auf der Basis von Bildanalysen auf juvenile Pflanzen zur Unkrautregulierung“ von der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft gefördert.Stichwörter: Laser-Applikation, Schädigungsmodell, Unkrautbekämpfung, ZielfindungSelective weed control using laser techniquesThis contribution discusses technical and growth relevant aspects of using laser techniques for weed control. The research on thermal weed control via laser first focused on the interaction of laser beams and weed plants. Due to preliminary studies, a CO2-laser was selected for further studies with regard to the process factors laser energy, laser spot area, coverage of the weeds meristem, weed species (Amaranthus retroflexus), and weed growth stage. Thereby, the laser damage was modeled in order to control the necessary laser output power online. Furthermore, the beam positioning leading to an effective damaging of the weeds was investigated and a test device was designed. With the aid of contemporary image processing algorithms for weed recognition and meristem determination, a laser and servo-motor control was developed. Most of the studies presented in this paper were part of the project “Investigations on laser light affected weed control of juvenile plants with the aid of image processing” funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.Keywords: Damage model, laser application, targeting, weed contro

Antibodies to nodal/paranodal proteins in paediatric immune-mediated neuropathy

Altres ajuts: This work was partly supported by grants from the "Jubiläumsfonds der Österreichischen Nationalbank," project 16919 (R. Höftberger), the GBS/CIDP Foundation International (J. Wanschitz), Austrian Science Fund FWF, DOC 33-B27 (R. Höftberger, M. Winklehner) and I3334-B27 (R. Höftberger), Hertha Firnberg project number T996-B30 (I. Koneczny), the grant of the Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias-Instituto de Salud Carlos III (fondos FEDER) (L. Querol), personal grant of the Pla estratègic de Recerca i Innovació en Salut (PERIS), Departament de Salut, Generalitat de Catalunya (L. Querol), and the German Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF, 01 GM1908A)

The CIP2A–TOPBP1 axis safeguards chromosome stability and is a synthetic lethal target for BRCA-mutated cancer

BRCA1/2-mutated cancer cells adapt to the genome instability caused by their deficiency in homologous recombination (HR). Identification of these adaptive mechanisms may provide therapeutic strategies to target tumors caused by the loss of these genes. In the present study, we report genome-scale CRISPR-Cas9 synthetic lethality screens in isogenic pairs of BRCA1- and BRCA2-deficient cells and identify CIP2A as an essential gene in BRCA1- and BRCA2-mutated cells. CIP2A is cytoplasmic in interphase but, in mitosis, accumulates at DNA lesions as part of a complex with TOPBP1, a multifunctional genome stability factor. Unlike PARP inhibition, CIP2A deficiency does not cause accumulation of replication-associated DNA lesions that require HR for their repair. In BRCA-deficient cells, the CIP2A-TOPBP1 complex prevents lethal mis-segregation of acentric chromosomes that arises from impaired DNA synthesis. Finally, physical disruption of the CIP2A-TOPBP1 complex is highly deleterious in BRCA-deficient tumors, indicating that CIP2A represents an attractive synthetic lethal therapeutic target for BRCA1- and BRCA2-mutated cancers

Lipid activation of the signal recognition particle receptor provides spatial coordination of protein targeting

Phospholipid binding leads to accelerated assembly of the bacterial SRP receptor FtsY and SRP, allowing cargo proteins to be delivered to target membranes more efficiently

Early Ipswichian (last interglacial) sea level rise in the channel region : Stone Point Site of Special Scientific Interest, Hampshire, England

Constraining the speed of sea level rise at the start of an interglacial is important to understanding the size of the ‘window of opportunity’ available for hominin migration. This is particularly important during the last interglacial when there is no evidence for significant hominin occupation anywhere in Britain. There are very few finer grained fossiliferous sequences in the Channel region that can be used to constrain sea level rise and they are preserved only to the north of the Channel, in England. Of these, the sequence at Stone Point SSSI is by far the most complete. Data from this sequence has been previously reported, and discussed at a Quaternary Research Association Field Meeting, where a number of further questions were raised that necessitated further data generation. In this paper, we report new data from this sequence – thin section analysis, isotopic determinations on ostracod shells, new Optical Stimulated Luminescence ages and Amino Acid Recem analyses. These show early sea level rise in this sequence, starting during the pre-temperate vegetation zone IpI, but no early warming. The implications of this almost certainly last interglacial sequence for the human colonisation of Britain and our understanding of the stratigraphic relationship of interglacial estuarine deposits with their related fluvial terrace sequences is explored