Green Production of Anionic Surfactant Obtained from Pea Protein

A pea protein isolate was hydrolyzed by a double enzyme treatment method in order to obtain short peptide sequences used as raw materials to produce lipopeptides-based surfactants. Pea protein hydrolysates were prepared using the combination of Alcalase and Flavourzyme. The influence of the process variables was studied to optimize the proteolytic degradation to high degrees of hydrolysis. The average peptide chain lengths were obtained at 3–5 amino acid units after a hydrolysis of 30 min with the mixture of enzymes. Then, N-acylation in water, in presence of acid chloride (C12 and C16), carried out with a conversion rate of amine functions of 90%, allowed to obtain anionic surfactant mixtures (lipopeptides and sodium fatty acids). These two steps were performed in water, in continuous and did not generate any waste. This process was therefore in line with green chemistry principles. The surface activities (CMC, foaming and emulsifying properties) of these mixtures were also studied. These formulations obtained from natural renewable resources and the reactions done under environmental respect, could replace petrochemical based surfactants for some applications

The magical world of patriarchy : exploring gender representations and faux feminism in “The sleeping beauty in the wood,” Sleeping beauty, and Maleficent

In recent years, there has been an increase of feminist narratives in contemporary North American popular culture. However, some of these narratives perpetuate traditional gender messages under the pretences of feminism. This study examines faux feminist narratives in children’s films and how they convey patriarchal concepts of gender by analysing the history and trajectory of gender representations from one traditional conservative text to a recent text that purports to be feminist. Through the critical framework of adaptation theory (Hutcheon 2006; Zipes 2013; Blankier 2014), this study analyzes three versions of the fairy tale “Sleeping Beauty” from three different time periods: Charles Perrault’s seventeenth-century tale “The Sleeping Beauty in the Wood,” Disney’s animated film Sleeping Beauty (1959), and Disney’s live-action film Maleficent (2014). The gender roles and gendered social structures in each text are examined to explore which gender representations have changed over time, and which representations have persisted throughout the three “Sleeping Beauty” texts. This study finds that while Maleficent may have feminist revisions, the film duplicates many sexist representations of gender found in the film’s source texts, conveying traditional gender roles and gendered social structures to contemporary audiences under the pretences of feminism.Arts, Faculty ofiSchool (Library, Archival and Information Studies)Graduat