Motivación deportiva en la transición de Primaria a Secundaria

The purpose of this paper is to compare sport practice motivation of Primary and Secondary education students, and to analyze the differences in relation to gender, their favorite sport and the way its practice is organized (federated or not). 704 students from 6 centers in the province of Cadiz, Spain, participated in this study; they were 9 to 16 years old. Motivation was reported using the questionnaire Motivation of Physical Education. Differences in motivational dimensions were analyzed by U Mann-Whitney test. Primary school children showed a higher intrinsic motivation, identified regulation and external regulation –and a lower lack of motivation– than secondary students. Results indicate that gender, the kind of sport and the way it’s organized affect teenagers, whose motivational levels are lower than those obtained by Primary School children. In this context, it seems crucial to implement measures to maintain motivational levels in Secondary Education, focusing on girls, individual practitioners and non-federated sports.El propósito de este trabajo es comparar la motivación hacia la práctica deportiva de los estudiantes gaditanos de Educación Primaria y Secundaria, con el fin de analizar las diferencias en función del género, del tipo de deporte preferido y de la organización (federada o no) de la práctica deportiva. Participaron 704 estudiantes de entre 9 y 16 años de 6 centros de la provincia de Cádiz, España. Como instrumento se utilizó el cuestionario de “Motivación de Educación Física”. Las diferencias en las dimensiones motivacionales se analizaron mediante el test estadístico U de Mann-Whitney. Los estudiantes de primaria presentaron una mayor motivación intrínseca, regulación identificada y regulación externa y una menor desmotivación que los estudiantes de secundaria. Los resultados muestran que el género, el tipo de deporte y la modalidad de organización deportiva afectan en mayor medida a los adolescentes, presentando éstos unos niveles motivacionales menores que los niños de la escuela primaria. Entre las conclusiones se indica la necesidad de tomar medidas para mantener los niveles motivacionales en Educación Secundaria, focalizando el trabajo en las alumnas, practicantes de deportes individuales y no federados

PISA assessment in Spain: an analysis in detail

Actualmente, nos encontramos en un momento particular por la crisis que tenemos sobre nosotros. Es importante analizar cada uno de los componentes de la sociedad para saber cómo avanzar. En esta línea, cobra especial importancia la formación y la educación que se imparte desde colegios e institutos. Un elemento fundamental para este análisis son los informes de calidad en la enseñanza, y entre todos ellos destaca el informe PISA. Partiendo de este informe podemos realizar un análisis y valoración en función de las distintas materias y de las Comunidades Autónomas estudiadas que nos permita conocer el estado de la situación, así como los puntos más susceptibles de mejora.Currently, we are in a particular moment because of the crisis we are involved. It is important to analyze any space of the society to know how to advance. In this way, education at schools and high schools acquires a very high importance. The different assessments of the quality of education are very important to make this discussion, and above them we can find PISA. Thanks to the latter, we can assess depending on the diverse subjects and the regions studied which allow us to know the real state of the situation, as well as the points likely to improve.Grupo FORCE (HUM-386). Departamento de Didáctica y Organización Escolar de la Universidad de Granada

Evaluación de la capacidad cardiorrespiratoria en estudiantes de entre 12 y 19 años de Cádiz (España): desarrollo de una calculadora para estimar el esfuerzo y salud cardiovascular

Physical fitness assessment has traditionally been linked to a performance paradigm, which has oriented the grades towards student effectiveness. The present study aims to analyze the cardiorespiratory capacity in adolescents from Cadiz (Spain). In addition this work provides a performance and effort tool to guide formative and shared assessment of cardiorespiratory fitness and to provide methodological guidance for its application in the school setting. Students. A total of 323 students between 12 and 19 years (mean age 14.68; ±1.75), 168 boys (52%) and 155 girls (48%). Cardiorespiratory capacity was assessed by an adaptation of the original 20-meter shuttle run test, which consisted on including music. Participants were monitored with a heart rate monitor (ONrhythm 500) and registered the Borg rating of perceived exertion scale (1-10). Mean values for the variables analyzed were: last completed stage, 5.92 (±2.47); maximum heart rate, 198.02 (±0.71); difference between theoretical and real maximum HR, -0.33 (±11.05); perception of effort, 7.87 (±2.03). Based on the results obtained, a calculator was developed to estimate effort and provide guidance in performance analysis. It is elaborated to be a useful tool for Physical Education teachers and researchers to assess cardiorespiratory fitness, estimate the effort and to analyze the risk of future cardiovascular diseaseLa evaluación de la condición física tradicionalmente ha estado vinculada al paradigma de rendimiento, que ha orientado la calificación hacia la eficacia del estu-diante. El presente estudio tiene como objeto analizar la capacidad cardiorrespiratoria en adolescentes de Cá-diz (España). Además, este trabajo aporta una calcula-dora de rendimiento y esfuerzo para guiar la evaluación formativa de la capacidad cardiorrespiratoria y aportar orientaciones metodológicas para su aplicación en el ám-bito escolar. Participaron 323 estudiantes de entre 12 y 19 años (Medad=14.68; ±1.75), 168 chicos (52%) y 155 chicas (48%). Se valoró la capacidad cardiorrespiratoria a través del test de 20 metros de ida y vuelta al que se le incorpo-ró pistas de audio. Los participantes fueron monitoriza-dos con un pulsómetro (ONrhythm 500) y respondieron a una escala de percepción de esfuerzo (Borg, escala 1-10). Los valores medios para las variables analizadas fueron: último estadío completado, 5.92 (±2.47); frecuencia car-díaca (FC) máxima, 198.02 (±0.71); diferencia entre la FC máxima teórica y real, -0.33 (±11.05); percepción de esfuerzo, 7.87 (±2.03). A partir de los resultados obteni-dos se elaboró una calculadora para estimar el esfuerzo y orientar el análisis del rendimiento. Se espera que sea una herramienta útil para los profesores de Educación Física e investigadores para calcular el nivel de condición cardiorrespiratoria, estimar el esfuerzo y analizar el nivel de riesgo de padecer una enfermedad cardiovascular.Actividad Física y Deport

Cardiorespiratory fitness assessment in students between 12 and 19 years old from Cádiz (Spain): development of a calculator for estimating the effort and cardiovascular health

La evaluación de la condición física tradicionalmente ha estado vinculada al paradigma de rendimiento, que ha orientado la calificación hacia la eficacia del estudiante. El presente estudio tiene como objeto analizar la capacidad cardiorrespiratoria en adolescentes de Cá- diz (España). Además, este trabajo aporta una calculadora de rendimiento y esfuerzo para guiar la evaluación formativa de la capacidad cardiorrespiratoria y aportar orientaciones metodológicas para su aplicación en el ámbito escolar. Participaron 323 estudiantes de entre 12 y 19 años (Medad=14.68; ±1.75), 168 chicos (52%) y 155 chicas (48%). Se valoró la capacidad cardiorrespiratoria a través del test de 20 metros de ida y vuelta al que se le incorporó pistas de audio. Los participantes fueron monitorizados con un pulsómetro (ONrhythm 500) y respondieron a una escala de percepción de esfuerzo (Borg, escala 1-10). Los valores medios para las variables analizadas fueron: último estadío completado, 5.92 (±2.47); frecuencia cardíaca (FC) máxima, 198.02 (±0.71); diferencia entre la FC máxima teórica y real, -0.33 (±11.05); percepción de esfuerzo, 7.87 (±2.03). A partir de los resultados obtenidos se elaboró una calculadora para estimar el esfuerzo y orientar el análisis del rendimiento. Se espera que sea una herramienta útil para los profesores de Educación Física e investigadores para calcular el nivel de condición cardiorrespiratoria, estimar el esfuerzo y analizar el nivel de riesgo de padecer una enfermedad cardiovascularPhysical fitness assessment has traditionally been linked to a performance paradigm, which has oriented the grades towards student effectiveness. The present study aims to analyze the cardiorespiratory capacity in adolescents from Cadiz (Spain). In addition this work provides a performance and effort tool to guide formative and shared assessment of cardiorespiratory fitness and to provide methodological guidance for its application in the school setting. Students. A total of 323 students between 12 and 19 years (mean age 14.68; ±1.75), 168 boys (52%) and 155 girls (48%). Cardiorespiratory capacity was assessed by an adaptation of the original 20-meter shuttle run test, which consisted on including music. Participants were monitored with a heart rate monitor (ONrhythm 500) and registered the Borg rating of perceived exertion scale (1-10). Mean values for the variables analyzed were: last completed stage, 5.92 (±2.47); maximum heart rate, 198.02 (±0.71); difference between theoretical and real maximum HR, -0.33 (±11.05); perception of effort, 7.87 (±2.03). Based on the results obtained, a calculator was developed to estimate effort and provide guidance in performance analysis. It is elaborated to be a useful tool for Physical Education teachers and researchers to assess cardiorespiratory fitness, estimate the effort and to analyze the risk of future cardiovascular disease

Parents' and adolescents' perception of traffic- and crime-related safety as correlates of independent mobility among Belgian adolescents

The independent mobility (IM), defined as the freedom of young people to travel without adult supervision, has been related to the physical activity time, the acquisition of personal autonomy, to less intense fear of crime, and to a stronger feeling of being part of their community and other health and social benefits. The aims of this study were to compare parents' and adolescents' traffic- and crime-related safety perceptions of their neighborhood and to analyze the associations of these perceptions with adolescents' IM. A total of 291 adolescents and their parents completed the Neighborhood Environment Walkability Scale (NEWS) questionnaire. Multilevel (two-level models: individual levelÐneighborhood level) regression analyses were conducted to examine whether the environmental perceptions differed between parents and adolescents and the association between the parental and adolescents' perception to the IM and the active independent mobility (AIM). Parents reported a more negative perception of traffic (except for amount and speed) and crime-related safety. Adolescents' environmental perceptions were not associated with their IM but parental perceptions of traffic- and crime-related safety were associated with IM and with active IM, although not all associations were in the expected direction. Future urban policy efforts should address environments where parents perceive sufficient levels of safety to increase the levels of IM in adolescents.This study was supported by a grant from the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport [CAST17/00072] and by a grant from the Research Foundation Flanders (FWO) [FWO12/ PDO/158]. Additional support was obtained from the University of Granada, Plan Propio de InvestigacioÂn 2016, Excellence actions: Excellence Units, Scientific Excellence Unit on Exercise and Health (UCEES)

Efectos de un programa de juego limpio en los factores personales de la deportividad de jugadores de fútbol alevín en Cádiz

Even though in the last few years there has been a significant number of programs for the development of sportsmanship, there is empirical evidence that illustrates the need to improve ethical practice within football. This study aimed to address this by creating and developing an intervention specifically tailored to young football players in order to improve the personal aspects of sportsmanship and analyse the changes that this might cause. The sample included one hundred and twenty-six (n = 126) registered football players with an average age of 10.9 years. Over a period of five weeks an education program in ‘values’ was applied within the experimental group. The program effectiveness was assessed by an intra-group analysis, using the Wilcoxon signed ranks test, and inter-group analysis for the Fisher’s exact test. Participants of the program, in comparison with those who did not take part in the educational process, improved their attitude towards failure (p < 0.05). Control group members worsened in 70% of all studied aspects. Participants of the control group and the educational process improve the training assistance. The program was not effective in two cases: type of motivation change (enjoyment or result) and the respect for the trainer. The findings support the need to implement formative programs in grassroots football in order to improve the attitude towards errors and as a preventive measure against loss of valuesA pesar de que en los últimos años han proliferado programas para el desarrollo de la deportividad, existen evidencias empíricas que corroboran la necesidad que demanda actualmente el fútbol base de un tratamiento ético. Por esta razón el objetivo del presente estudio fue elaborar un programa de intervención específicamente diseñado para jugadores de fútbol alevín centrado en la mejora de los aspectos personales de la deportividad y analizar el cambio que pudiera generar. La muestra la compusieron ciento veintiséis (n = 126) futbolistas federados con una media de edad de 10.9 años. Al grupo experimental se le aplicó un programa de educación en valores de cinco semanas de duración. Para valorar la eficacia del programa se realizó un análisis intra-grupo en el que se empleó la prueba de Wilcoxon y una intergrupo, para el que se utilizó el test exacto de Fisher’s. Los participantes en el programa, en comparación con los que no recibieron tratamiento educativo, mejoraron su actitud ante el fracaso (p < 0.05). Los integrantes del grupo control empeoraron en un 70% de los aspectos analizados. Los participantes del control y experimental mejoraron la asistencia a los entrenamientos. El programa no fue efectivo en dos casos: la modificación del tipo de motivación (diversión o resultado) y el respeto al entrenador. Justificamos la necesidad de la implementación de programas formativos en el fútbol de cantera de cara a la mejora de la actitud frente al error y como medida preventiva frente a la pérdida de valoresActividad Física y Deport

Physical activity levels during physical education in Spanish children

Introduction: Physical education (PE) can contribute to total daily physical activity (PA) among children. In consequence, the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport has developed 16 teaching units focused on increasing PA levels during PE lessons, called Unidades Didacticas Activas (UDA; Active Teaching Units). Objectives: The goal of this study was to compare whether children participating in UDA lessons spent more time in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) than children participating in traditional lessons. Design: Quasi-experimental design. Methods: A total of 355 children (8-9 years old, 53.9% boys) from 7 schools in Granada participated in the study. Students were divided into two groups: a traditional PE group (n = 204) and a UDA group (n = 151). Time spent in MVPA was assessed using tri-axial accelerometers. Results: Time spent in MVPA was higher in the group engaged in the UDA lessons compared to the group that received traditional lessons (13.6 vs 15.2 minutes, p = .021, Standard Error = 0.27). The percentage of children who met international MVPA recommendations was similar for both groups (UDAs: 12.7% and traditional: 13.2%, p = .504). Conclusions: UDA lessons and their methodology favoured greater participation in MVPA compared to a traditional PE approach. It will be important to change PE methodology (including duration, frequency and focus) to achieve MVPA goals.The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: This work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness [DEP2015-63988-R] and FJHD was supported by a grant from the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport [CAST17/00072]

Bidirectional Associations between Objective Physical Activity and Sleep Patterns in Spanish School Children

We are grateful to Ana Yara Postigo Fuentes for her assistance with the English language. Also, we would like to express our gratitude to the children, parents, teachers and schools for allowing us to carry out this school program, as well as for their involvement and support during the process. Finally, we would also like to express our gratitude to the University of Granada, Research and Knowledge Transfer Fund (PPIT) 2016, Excellence Actions Programme: Scientific Units of Excellence; Scientific Unit of Excellence on Excercise and Health (UCEES), the Regional Ministry of Economy, Knowledge, Enterprise and Universities, and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) [SOMM17/6107/UGR].Physical activity (PA) and sleep contribute to better children’s health. Nonetheless, the bidirectional relationship between both of these health-related factors is unclear when using objective measures. The aims of this study were (1) to describe the PA (light PA and moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) and sleep (duration, latency, and efficiency) patterns of children and compare them with recommendations, and (2) to analyze the bidirectional association between PA levels and sleep patterns in 470 Spanish children according to sex (average age of 8.4 (0.4) years, 51.9% boys). A tri-axial accelerometer and sleep logs were used to measure PA (light PA and MVPA) and sleep patterns (duration, latency, and efficiency) in the children for seven consecutive days. Linear mixed models were conducted to analyze the bidirectional association (PA → sleep and sleep → PA) adjusted for the child, the sex, the school, and the day of observation. The results showed that, overall, the children did not meet the sleep duration recommendations per day. Regarding the bidirectional association, increased light PA and MVPA during the day was related to decreased sleep duration but an improvement in sleep efficiency that night. However, sleep duration and sleep efficiency were only related negatively and positively to light PA the following day, respectively. Regarding sex, light PA was associated with decreased sleep duration in both sexes, although the average value was lower in boys. In addition, light PA was also related only to an improvement in sleep efficiency the same night in both sexes, with girls generally having more efficient sleep. More studies in a representative sample of children that use objective measures to corroborate these results are neededEuropean Regional Development Fund (ERDF) [SOMM17/6107/UGR]

Children and Parental Barriers to Active Commuting to School: A Comparison Study

The main objectives of this study were: to compare the barriers to active commuting to and from school (ACS) between children and their parents separately for children and adolescents; and to analyze the association between ACS and the children’s and parents’ barriers. A total of 401 child–parent pairs, from Granada, Jaén, Toledo and Valencia, self-reported, separately, their mode of commuting to school and work, respectively, and the children’s barriers to ACS. T-tests and chi-square tests were used to analyze the differences by age for continuous and categorical variables, respectively. Binary logistic regressions were performed to study the association between ACS barriers of children and parents and ACS. Both children and adolescents perceived higher physical and motivational barriers and social support barriers towards ACS than their parents (all p < 0.05). Additionally, the parents perceived higher distance, traffic safety, convenience, built environment, crime-related safety and weather as barriers towards ACS, than their children (all p < 0.05). Moreover, a higher perception of barriers was related to lower ACS. The results of our study showed the necessity of attenuating the perceptions of children and their parents in order to increase ACS. This is relevant to develop interventions in the specific contexts of each barrier and involving both populations.Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and CompetitivenessEuropean Commission DEP2016-75598-RUniversity of Granada, Plan Propio de Investigacion 2016, Excellence actions: Units of ExcellenceUnit of Excellence on Exercise and Health (UCEES)Junta de AndalucíaEuropean CommissionEuropean Social Fund (ESF