Aproximación al análisis iconográfico de las figurillas cerámicas de la ciudad maya de La Blanca (Petén, Guatemala)

Jornadas de Jóvenes en Investigación Arqueológica, JIA (3as : 5-7 de mayo 2010 : Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona). Sesión 4. Cultura material y transdisciplinariedad en la investigación arqueológica de Latinoamérica.Las figurillas cerámicas constituyen una importante fuente de información para acercarnos al conocimiento de los mayas de la antigüedad. Éstas muestran un rico repertorio de imágenes que desde el punto de vista de la iconografía deben entenderse como la materialización de conceptos o temas propios de la cultura en la que se crearon. Así el análisis de las representaciones figurativas permite adentrarse en el complejo mundo de sus creencias religiosas. En este trabajo se expone la metodología empleada para el estudio iconográfico de las figurillas halladas en la antigua ciudad maya de La Blanca (Petén, Guatemala) y que se adscriben al período Clásico Terminal (850-1000 d.C.) y Postclásico Temprano (1000-1200 d.C).The ceramic figurines constitute an important source of information to approach the knowledge of the Ancient Maya. They show a great variety of images that from the point of view of the iconography must be understood as the materialization of concepts or themes from the culture where they were created. In this way, the analysis of the figurative representations allows to go into the complex world of their religious beliefs. In this paper there is exposed the methodology used for the iconographic study of the figurines found in the Ancient Mayan city of La Blanca (Petén, Guatemala) and that are dated from the Classic Terminal period (850-1000 A.D.) and Postclassic Early (1000-1200 A.D.)Les figuretes ceràmiques constituïxen una important font d'informació per a acostrar-nos al coneixement dels maies de l'antiguitat. Aquestes presenten un ric repertori d'imatges que des del punt de vista de la iconografía han d'entendre's com la materialització de conceptes o temes propis de la cultura en la qual es van crear. Així l'anàlisi de les representacions figuratives permet endinsar-se en el complex món de les seves creences religioses. En aquest treball s'exposa la metodología emprada per a l'estudi iconogràfic de les figuretes trobades a l'antiga ciutat maia de La Blanca (Petén, Guatemala) i que formen part del periode Clàssic Terminal (850-1000 d.C) i Postclàssic Primerenc (1000-1200 d.C)

Imágenes de barro. Las figurillas cerámicas mayas de La Blanca (Petén, Guatemala) en su contexto regional

La presente tesis doctoral se centra en el estudio de las figurillas cerámicas halladas en el antiguo asentamiento urbano maya de La Blanca, ubicado en el Departamento del Petén en Guatemala. En las excavaciones arqueológicas efectuadas por el Proyecto La Blanca en este sitio arqueológico, bajo la dirección de la Dra. Cristina Vidal Lorenzo y el Dr. Gaspar Muñoz Cosme, se ha recuperado cerca de un millar de figurillas, procedentes en su mayoría del principal conjunto monumental, la majestuosa Acrópolis. Asimismo, un importante porcentaje de las mismas pertenece a contextos arqueológicos de especial relevancia e interés, al encontrarse éstos asociados a los momentos finales del período Clásico Terminal y su posterior reocupación durante el Postclásico Temprano. El objetivo principal de esta tesis ha sido reconstruir la trayectoria de las figurillas cerámicas desde su elaboración hasta su uso, pasando por el proceso de manufactura, indagando acerca de sus artífices, determinar si éstos eran o no especialistas, así como sus usuarios y los fines con los que fueron empleadas estas piezas, además de analizar las conexiones de La Blanca con otros sitios de la región, recurriendo a las figurillas como fuente de información. Para alcanzar dicho objetivo planteamos unas pautas de trabajo que abarcan desde métodos propios de la historia del arte y de la arqueología hasta los habituales de otras disciplinas científicas como la física y la química para llevar a cabo la caracterización de las pastas cerámicas. En primer lugar hemos realizado un exhaustivo registro de las figurillas cerámicas de La Blanca a través de la creación de una Base de Datos acompañada de una completa documentación gráfica mediante dibujo, fotografía y maquetas tridimensionales a partir del uso de un escáner 3D combinado con la técnica de la fotogrametría. A partir de esta Base de Datos hemos procedido al análisis y clasificación de las figurillas cerámicas teniendo en cuenta la tipología, la técnica de manufactura, así como la pasta cerámica, combinando para esto último la aplicación del sistema analítico empleado habitualmente en el área maya para el estudio de los materiales cerámicos, conocido como Tipo-Variedad, y análisis arqueométricos mediante Fluorescencia de rayos-x por reflexión total y Difracción de rayos-x. A partir de los resultados de estas clasificaciones hemos definido las implicaciones tecnológicas, logísticas y “económicas” relacionadas con su manufactura y distribución. Asimismo, hemos interpretado las imágenes de las figurillas cerámicas empleando el método iconográfico-iconológico sistematizado por Panofsky adaptándolo a las particularidades del arte maya. Para ello nos basamos en las propias figurillas que constituyen el corpus central de nuestra investigación -las exhumadas en el antiguo asentamiento urbano de La Blanca- y recurrimos a figurillas halladas en otros sitios arqueológicos de la región, a imágenes plasmadas en otros soportes artísticos, así como a fuentes literarias más tardías y a fuentes etnográficas. Por último, hemos contextualizado y determinado el papel, función y significado de las figurillas cerámicas en el sitio de La Blanca a partir de los análisis tipológicos, iconográficos y el contexto arqueológico directo del que procede esta inédita e interesante colección

Metal−Organic Frameworks in Agriculture

The work has been supported by the MOFSEIDON project (PID2019-104228RB-100) funded by MCI/AEI/10.13039/ 501100011033/FEDER “Una manera de hacer Europa”, ESENCE project (RTC2019-007254-5) funded by MCIN/ AEI/10.13039/501100011033), Junta de Andalucía (FQM- 394), and the Multifunctional Metallodrugs in Diagnosis and Therapy Network (MICIU, RED2018-102471-T). P.H. acknowledges the Spanish Ramón y Cajal Programme (grant agreement 2014-15039). S.R. acknowledges the Spanish Juan de la Cierva Incorporación Fellowship (grant agreement no. IJC2019-038894-I) funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/ 501100011033. Funding for open access charge: Universidad de Granada/CBUA.Agrochemicals, which are crucial to meet the world food qualitative and quantitative demand, are compounds used to kill pests (insects, fungi, rodents, or unwanted plants). Regrettably, there are some important issues associated with their widespread and extensive use (e.g., contamination, bioaccumulation, and development of pest resistance); thus, a reduced and more controlled use of agrochemicals and thorough detection in food, water, soil, and fields are necessary. In this regard, the development of new functional materials for the efficient application, detection, and removal of agrochemicals is a priority. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) with exceptional sorptive, recognition capabilities, and catalytical properties have very recently shown their potential in agriculture. This Review emphasizes the recent advances in the use of MOFs in agriculture through three main views: environmental remediation, controlled agrochemical release, and detection of agrochemicals.MOFSEIDON project (PID2019-104228RB-100) funded by MCI/AEI/10.13039/ 501100011033/FEDERESENCE project (RTC2019-007254-5) funded by MCIN/ AEI/10.13039/501100011033Junta de Andalucía (FQM- 394), and the Multifunctional Metallodrugs in Diagnosis and Therapy Network (MICIU, RED2018-102471-T)Spanish Ramón y Cajal Programme (grant agreement 2014-15039)Spanish Juan de la Cierva Incorporación Fellowship (grant agreement no. IJC2019-038894-I) funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/ 501100011033Funding for open access charge: Universidad de Granada/CBU

Hexane isomers sorption on a functionalized metal-organic framework

A series of functionalized porous Zr terephthalate MOFs of the UiO-66(Zr) structure type bearing either Br, NH2 or NO2 groups have been synthesized at the multi-gram scale through an atmospheric pressure solvothermal route with the final aim of investigating the influence of functionalization on the separation of hexane isomers (22DMB, 23DMB, 3MP and nHEX). The studies performed in a fixed bed adsorption column with equimolar mixtures at temperatures between 343 and 423 K and partial pressure up to 10 kPa have shown that the Br, NO2 and NH3 forms exhibit an uptake reaching 15%, being the sorption selectivity hierarchy on the whole comparable to the bared UiO-66 solid: 22DMB approximate to 23DMB >> 3MP nHEX. The 22DMB/nHEX selectivity reaches approximately three at low uptake while the 22DMB/3MP selectivity of UiO-66_NO2 is nearly constant (1.3)

Functionalization of metal-organic frameworks for hexane isomers separation

This work shows the effect of incorporating three different organic ligands (NH2-H2BDC, NO2-H2BDC and Br-H2BDC) into UIO-66(Zr) framework viewing the separation of hexane isomers(22DMB, 23DMB, 3MP and nHEX)

Functionalization of metal-organic frameworks for hexane isomers separation

This work shows the effect of incorporating three different organic ligands (NH2-H2BDC, NO2-H2BDC and Br-H2BDC) into UIO-66(Zr) framework viewing the separation of hexane isomers(22DMB, 23DMB, 3MP and nHEX)

Phase-Selective Microwave Assisted Synthesis of Iron(III) Aminoterephthalate MOFs

Iron(III) aminoterephthalate Metal-Organic Frameworks (Fe-BDC-NH2 MOFs) have been demonstrated to show potential for relevant industrial and societal applications (i.e., catalysis, drug delivery, gas sorption). Nevertheless, further analysis is required in order to achieve their commercial production. In this work, a systematic synthetic strategy has been followed, carrying out microwave (MW) assisted hydro/solvothermal reactions to rapidly evaluate the influence of different reaction parameters (e.g., time, temperature, concentration, reaction media) on the formation of the benchmarked MIL-101-NH2, MIL-88B-NH2, MIL-53-NH2 and MIL-68-NH2 solids. Characterization of the obtained solids by powder X-ray diffraction, dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy allowed us to identify trends to the contribution of the evaluated parameters, such as the relevance of the concentration of precursors and the impact of the reaction medium on phase crystallization. Furthermore, we presented here for the first time the MW assisted synthesis of MIL-53-NH2 in water. In addition, pure MIL-101-NH2 was also produced in water while MIL-88-NH2 was the predominant phase obtained in ethanol. Pure phases were produced with high space-time yields, unveiling the potential of MW synthesis for MOF industrialization

A Semiconducting Bi2O2(C4O4) Coordination Polymer Showing a Photoelectric Response

This document is the Accepted Manuscript version of a Published Work that appeared in final form in Inorganic Chemistry, copyright © American Chemical Society after peer review and technical editing by the publisher. To access the final edited and published work see https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b03290.[EN] Inorganic semiconductors are extensively considered to be among the most promising materials to convert solar light into electricity or chemical energy owing to their efficiency in the separation of photoinduced electron/hole. Bismuth oxides, and, in particular, those built up of [Bi2O2](2+) layers, show an efficient charge separation and, thus, high photocatalytic activities. To explore a possible synergetic effect of bismuth metallic nodes combined with the electron-rich linker squarate, Bi2O2(C4O4) or IEF-3 (an IMDEA Energy framework) was hydrothermally prepared and adequately characterized. As determined from the X-ray structure, [Bi2O2](2+) layers are interconnected by squarate ligands, having a pronounced effect of the 6s(2) lone pair on the bismuth local environment. IEF-3 shows high thermal and chemical robustness at industrially relevant model aggressive media. A large panel of physicochemical methods were applied to recognize IEF-3 as an UV-absorbing n-type semiconductor, showing a photocurrent response comparable to that of alpha-Bi2O3, offering further possibilities for tuning its electrochemical properties by modifying the ligand. In this way, the well-known compositional and structural versatility of coordination polymers may be applied in the future to fine-tune metal-organic semiconductor systems.The authors acknowledge Ra-Phuel (Grant ENE2016-79608-C2-1-R), Ramon y Cajal Grant RYC-2014-15039 (Ministerio de Ciencia, Investigacion y Universidades), and Fundacion Ramon Areces (H + MOFs) for financial support. 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A simple and robust high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to a diode-array detector method for the analysis of genistein in mouse tissues

A simple liquid-liquid extraction procedure and quantification by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method coupled to a diode-array detector (DAD) of genistein (GEN) was developed in various mouse biological matrices. 7-ethoxycoumarin was used as internal standard (IS) and peaks were optimally separated using a Kinetex C18 column (2.6 µm, 150 mm X 2.10 mm I.D.) at 40 ºC with an isocratic elution of mobile phase with sodium dihydrogen phosphate 0.01M in water at pH 2.5 and methanol (55:45, v/v), at a flow rate of 0.25 mL/min. The injection volume was 10 µL. In all cases, the range of GEN recovery was higher than 61%. The low limit of quantification (LLOQ) was 25 ng/mL. The linearity of the calibration curves was satisfactory in all cases as shown by correlation coefficients >0.996. The within-day and between-day precisions were <15% and the accuracy ranged in all cases between 90.14 and 106.05%. This method was successfully applied to quantify GEN in liver, spleen, kidney and plasma after intravenous administration of a single dose (30 mg/Kg) in female BALB/C mice