94 research outputs found
Characterization of Genes involved In Development and Senescence
Plant development is complex and highly regulated. Tens of thousands of genes have been sequenced for the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, yet few have been functionally annotated and characterized. This thesis describes the expression analysis and characterization of four genes in Arabidopsis. Three of these belong to the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A (eIF5A) gene family, and the fourth encodes diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1). Putative roles for these genes in the development of Arabidopsis thaliana are described. eIF5A is the only known protein to contain the amino acid hypusine. It has been demonstrated previously that eIF5A acts as a shuttle protein, moving specific mRNAs from the nucleus to the cytoplasm for translation. In Arabidopsis thaliana (At), there are three isoforms of eIF5A, and it is clear from the present study that they each have a unique temporal and spatial expression pattern. AteIF5A-1 and -2 are up-regulated during natural senescence and wounding/pathogenesis, respectively, and it is proposed that they regulate the onset of programmed cell death during these events. AteIF5A-3 is up-regulated in elongating meristem of the root, and it is proposed that this isoform is involved in cell growth. Over-expression of the individual AteIF5A isoforms in planta resulted in pleiotropic phenotypes. When AteIF5A-1 or AteIF5A-2 was over-expressed, the phenotypes observed were indicative of their putative roles in the translation of proteins required for programmed cell death. When AteIF5A-3 was over-expressed, the phenotypes were indicative of a role for this protein in the regulation of cell and tissue elongation. Lipid analysis of rosette leaves from Arabidopsis thaliana revealed an accumulation of triacylglycerol with advancing leaf senescence coincident with an increase in the abundance and size of plastoglobuli. The terminal step in the biosynthesis of triacylglycerol in Arabidopsis is catalyzed by DGAT1. When gel blots of RNA isolated from rosette leaves at various stages of development were probed with the Arabidopsis EST clone, E6B2T7, which has been annotated as DGAT1, a steep increase in DGAT1 transcript levels was evident in the senescing leaves coincident with the accumulation of triacylglycerol. The increase in DGAT1 transcript correlated temporally with enhanced levels of DGAT1 protein detected immunologically. Two lines of evidence indicated that the triacylglycerol of senescing leaves is synthesized in chloroplasts and sequesters fatty acids released from the catabolism of thylakoid galactolipids. First, triacylglycerol isolated from senescing leaves proved to be enriched in hexadecatrienoic acid (16:3) and linolenic acid (18:3), which are normally present in thylakoid galactolipids. Second, DGAT1 protein in senescing leaves was found to be associated with chloroplast membranes. These findings collectively indicate that DGAT1 plays a role in senescence by sequestering fatty acids de-esterified from galactolipids into triacylglycerol
Evaluation of spontaneous generation of allelic variation in soybean in response to sexual hybridization and stress
Intra-cultivar variation reported in pure lines of soybean has been hypothesized to result from genetic mechanisms contributing to de novo genetic variation. In this study we have detected allele switching by following segregation pattern of Aconitase-4 isozyme in sexual crosses and pure lines. In sexual crosses, one F2 plant showed switch at the Aconitase- 4 (Aco4) locus from the expected heterozygous genotype Aco4-ac to Aco4-ab. In the pure lines grown in a honeycomb planting design and treated with an accelerated aging test, multiple cases of allele switching were detected at the Aco4 locus. Both single and double switches were detected that were stable and heritable. These findings indicate that the generation of endogenous variation continues in pure lines as a result of intrinsic genetic mechanisms. With a long-term goal of understanding the genetic nature of the changes, we genetically mapped the Aco4 gene to a 3.3 cM region on Chromosome 11. The corresponding physical region is ~293 kb with 39 predicated genes. Of these, Glyma.11g080600 is of particular interest, as it shows 93% and 88% identity to Medicago truncatula and Arabidopsis aconitase genes, respectively. Further characterization of the soybean Aco4 gene may shed light on genetic mechanisms responsible for allele switching
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Maternal arsenic exposure and impaired glucose tolerance during pregnancy
Background: Accumulating evidence has shown an increased risk of type 2 diabetes in general populations exposed to arsenic, but little is known about exposures during pregnancy and the association with gestational diabetes (GD). Objectives: We studied 532 women living proximate to the Tar Creek Superfund Site to investigate whether arsenic exposure is associated with impaired glucose tolerance during pregnancy. Methods: Blood glucose was measured between 24 and 28 weeks gestation after a 1-hr oral glucose tolerance test (GTT) as part of routine prenatal care. Blood and hair were collected at delivery and analyzed for arsenic using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry with dynamic reaction cell. Results: Arsenic concentrations ranged from 0.2 to 24.1 μg/L (ppb) (mean ± SD, 1.7 ±1.5) and 1.1 to 724.4 ng/g (ppb) (mean ± SD, 27.4 ± 61.6) in blood and hair, respectively. One-hour glucose levels ranged from 40 to 284 mg/dL (mean ± SD, 108.7 ± 29.5); impaired glucose tolerance was observed in 11.9% of women when using standard screening criterion (> 140 mg/dL). Adjusting for age, Native-American race, prepregnancy body mass index, Medicaid use, and marital status, women in the highest quartile of blood arsenic exposure had 2.8 higher odds of impaired GTT than women in the lowest quartile of exposure (95% confidence interval, 1.1–6.9) (p-trend = 0.008). Conclusions: Among this population of pregnant women, arsenic exposure was associated with increased risk of impaired GTT at 24–28 weeks gestation and therefore may be associated with increased risk of GD
Determining Quasar Black Hole Mass Functions from their Broad Emission Lines: Application to the Bright Quasar Survey
We describe a Bayesian approach to estimating quasar black hole mass
functions (BHMF) when using the broad emission lines to estimate black hole
mass. We show how using the broad line mass estimates in combination with
statistical techniques developed for luminosity function estimation leads to
statistically biased results. We derive the likelihood function for the BHMF
based on the broad line mass estimates, and derive the posterior distribution
for the BHMF, given the observed data. We develop our statistical approach for
a flexible model where the BHMF is modelled as a mixture of Gaussian functions.
Statistical inference is performed using markov chain monte carlo (MCMC)
methods. Our method has the advantage that it is able to constrain the BHMF
even beyond the survey detection limits at the adopted confidence level,
accounts for measurement errors and the intrinsic uncertainty in broad line
mass estimates, and provides a natural way of estimating the probability
distribution of any quantities derived from the BHMF. We conclude by using our
method to estimate the local active BHMF using the z < 0.5 Bright Quasar Survey
sources. At z = 0.2, the quasar BHMF falls off approximately as a power law
with slope ~ 2 for M_{BH} > 10^8. Our analysis implies that z < 0.5 broad line
quasars have a typical Eddington ratio of ~ 0.4 and a dispersion in Eddington
ratio of < 0.5 dex (abridged).Comment: 25 pages, 14 figures, emulate ApJ style, accepted by Ap
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Variants in Iron Metabolism Genes Predict Higher Blood Lead Levels in Young Children
Background: Given the association between iron deficiency and lead absorption, we hypothesized that variants in iron metabolism genes would predict higher blood lead levels in young children. Objective: We examined the association between common missense variants in the hemochromatosis (HFE) and transferrin (TF) genes and blood lead levels in 422 Mexican children. Methods: Archived umbilical cord blood samples were genotyped for HFE (H63D and C282Y) and TF (P570S) variants. Blood lead was measured at 24, 30, 36, 42, and 48 months of age. A total of 341 subjects had at least one follow-up blood lead level available and data available on covariates of interest for inclusion in the longitudinal analyses. We used random-effects models to examine the associations between genotype (HFE, TF, and combined HFE + TF) and repeated measures of blood lead, adjusting for maternal blood lead at delivery and child’s concurrent anemia status. Results: Of 422 children genotyped, 17.7, 3.3, and 18.9% carried the HFE H63D, HFE C282Y, and TF P570S variants, respectively. One percent of children carried both the HFE C282Y and TF P570S variants, and 3% of children carried both the HFE H63D and TF P570S variants. On average, carriers of either the HFE (β = 0.11, p = 0.04) or TF (β = 0.10, p = 0.08) variant had blood lead levels that were 11% and 10% higher, respectively, than wild-type subjects. In models examining the dose effect, subjects carrying both variants (β = 0.41, p = 0.006) had blood lead 50% higher than wild-type subjects and a significantly higher odds of having a blood lead level > 10 μg/dL (odds ratio = 18.3; 95% confidence interval, 1.9–177.1). Conclusions: Iron metabolism gene variants modify lead metabolism such that HFE variants are associated with increased blood lead levels in young children. The joint presence of variant alleles in the HFE and TF genes showed the greatest effect, suggesting a gene-by-gene-by-environment interaction
Reduced Fluoroquinolone Susceptibility in Salmonella enterica Isolates from Travelers, Finland
We tested the fluoroquinolone susceptibility of 499 Salmonella enterica isolates collected from travelers returning to Finland during 2003–2007. Among isolates from travelers to Thailand and Malaysia, reduced fluoroquinolone susceptibility decreased from 65% to 22% (p = 0.002). All isolates showing nonclassical quinolone resistance were from travelers to these 2 countries
L’impact de la grossesse sur l’amplitude et la diversité de la reconnaissance antigénique des lymphocytes T cytotoxiques dirigés contre le VIH-1
La transmission mère-enfant (TME) du VIH-1 est un des enjeux majeurs de la pandémie. Une meilleure compréhension de la réponse des lymphocytes T cytotoxiques CD8+ (LTC) VIH-spécifiques lors de la grossesse facilitera le design de stratégies optimales pour diminuer la TME. Notre objectif est donc de caractériser l’amplitude et la diversité de la reconnaissance antigénique des LTC VIH-spécifiques avant, pendant et après la grossesse chez des femmes infectées par le VIH-1. Nos résultats montrent pour la première fois que l’initiation et la progression de la grossesse, à elles seules, n'ont que peu d’influence sur l’amplitude et la diversité de la reconnaissance antigénique des réponses LTC en termes de production d’IFN‐. Ces résultats indiquent que les femmes infectées par le VIH conservent une immunocompétence durant leur grossesse, du moins dans le contexte d’un traitement antirétroviral efficace. Ceci pourrait éventuellement aider à promouvoir l’immunisation comme stratégie pour prévenir la TME du VIH‐1.Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV-1 is one of the major issues of the pandemic. Characterization of HIV-specific immunity during pregnancy, especially cytotoxic CD8+ T lymphocytes (CTL), will lead to a better understanding of HIV pathogenesis and facilitate design of optimal strategies to prevent MTCT. Our objective is to describe the magnitude and the breadth of antigen recognition of HIV-specific CTL responses before, throughout and after pregnancy in a group of HIV-infected women. Our results revealed for the first time that initiation of pregnancy by itself doesn’t change the magnitude of CTL responses in terms of IFN- production. These findings support the fact that HIV-infected women maintain immunocompetence throughout gestation, at least in the context of effective antiretroviral treatment. These results provide a novel understanding of the dynamics of HIV-specific CTL responses during pregnancy and may help to promote maternal immunization as a strategy to prevent MTCT of HIV-1
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Maternal and Cord Blood Manganese Concentrations and Early Childhood Neurodevelopment among Residents near a Mining-Impacted Superfund Site
Background: Environmental manganese exposure has been associated with adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes among school-aged children; yet, few studies have evaluated prenatal exposure. Objectives: Our study examines associations between prenatal manganese concentrations and placental transfer of manganese with neurodevelopment in 224 2-y-old children residing near the Tar Creek Superfund Site. Methods: We collected maternal and cord blood at delivery, measured manganese using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, and assessed neurodevelopment using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development-II. Associations between manganese and mental (MDI) and psychomotor (PDI) development indices were estimated in multivariable models. Placental transfer, approximated by cord/maternal manganese ratio, cord/total manganese ratio (total=maternal+cord), and by joint classification according to high or low (above or below median) maternal and cord manganese, was evaluated as a predictor of neurodevelopment. Results: Median levels [interquartile ranges (IQR)] of manganese in maternal and cord blood, respectively, were 24.0 (19.5–29.7) and 43.1 (33.5–52.1) μg/L. Adjusting for lead, arsenic, and other potential confounders, an IQR increase in maternal manganese was associated with −3.0 (95% CI: −5.3, −0.7) points on MDI and −2.3 (95% CI: −4.1, −0.4) points on PDI. Cord manganese concentrations were not associated with neurodevelopment scores. Cord/maternal and cord/total manganese ratios were positively associated with MDI [cord/maternal: β=2.6 (95% Cl: −0.04, 5.3); cord/total: β=22.0 (95% Cl: 3.2, 40.7)] and PDI (cord/maternal: β=1.7 (95% Cl: −0.5, 3.9); cord/total: β=15.6 (95% Cl: 0.3, 20.9)). Compared to mother–child pairs with low maternal and cord manganese, associations with neurodevelopment scores were negative for pairs with either high maternal, high cord, or high maternal and cord manganese. Conclusions: Maternal blood manganese concentrations were negatively associated with early childhood neurodevelopment scores in our study. Findings highlight the importance of understanding maternal exposures during pregnancy and factors influencing placental transfer. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP92
The relative growth of Optical and Radio Quasars in SDSS
We cross-correlate the SDSS DR3 quasar sample with FIRST and the Vestergaard
et al. black hole (BH) mass sample to compare the mean accretion histories of
optical and radio quasars. We find significant statistical evidence that radio
quasars have a higher mean Eddington ratio Lambda at z > 2 with respect to
optical quasars, while the situation is clearly reverse at z 2
radio quasars happen to be less massive than optical quasars; however, as
redshift decreases radio quasars appear in increasingly more massive BHs with
respect to optical quasars. These two trends imply that radio sources are not a
mere random subsample of optical quasars. No clear correlation between radio
activity and BH mass and/or accretion rate is evident from our data, pointing
to other BH properties, possibly the spin, as the driver of radio activity. We
have checked that our main results do not depend on any evident bias. We
perform detailed modelling of reasonable accretion histories for optical and
radio quasars, finding that radio quasars grow by a factor of a few, at the
most, since z ~ 4. The comparison between the predicted mass function of active
radio quasars and the observed optical luminosity function of radio quasars,
implies a significantly lower probability for lower mass BHs to be radio loud
at all epochs, in agreement with what is observed in the local universe.Comment: 15 pages, 8 Figures. Accepted by MNRA
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