28 research outputs found

    RÔLE DE L'OCCUPATION DU SOL VIS À VIS DE LA MODÉLISATION DES FLUX ENERGÉTIQUES ET HYDRIQUES EN MILIEU URBAIN ET PÉRIURBAIN

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    National audienceLe projet Rosenhy vise Ă  Ă©tudier l’impact de l’occupation du sol sur la modĂ©lisation mĂ©tĂ©orologique et hydrologique en termes de flux Ă©nergĂ©tiques et hydriques, en milieu urbain et pĂ©riurbain. Trois sites appartenant aux observatoires français OTHU et ONEVU sont au centre de ce projet. Le quartier urbain hĂ©tĂ©rogĂšne du Pin sec (Nantes), impermĂ©abilisĂ© Ă  environ 45%, a fait l’objet d’une campagne expĂ©rimentale durant le mois de juin 2012, visant Ă  estimer les flux de chaleur sensible et latente avec une haute rĂ©solution spatiale et temporelle par rapport aux mesures rĂ©alisĂ©es en continu sur ce site depuis 5 ans. Deux bassins versant pĂ©riurbains (La ChĂ©zine Ă  Nantes et l’Yzeron Ă  Lyon), avec un taux d’impermĂ©abilisation moins important (environ 10%) mais grandissant depuis plusieurs dĂ©cennies, sont aussi Ă©tudiĂ©s. Ces deux derniers sites bĂ©nĂ©ficient d’un suivi hydromĂ©tĂ©orologique depuis 10 ans pour la ChĂ©zine et 15 ans pour l’Yzeron. Sur ces trois sites, diffĂ©rentes sources de donnĂ©es d’occupation du sol Ă  diffĂ©rentes rĂ©solutions sont disponibles :diffĂ©rentes bases de donnĂ©es gĂ©ographiques communĂ©ment utilisĂ©es par la communautĂ© scientifique et les collectivitĂ©s et des donnĂ©es tĂ©lĂ©dĂ©tectĂ©es (multispectrales et hyperspectrales). L’utilisation de ces donnĂ©es en entrĂ©e de diffĂ©rents modĂšles mĂ©tĂ©orologiques et hydrologiques implique un travail d’analyse et de classification pour adapter les informations aux besoins des modĂšles. Dans ce projet, les diffĂ©rents modĂšles adaptĂ©s au milieu urbain ou pĂ©rirubain sont Ă©valuĂ©s et amĂ©liorĂ©s. Ainsi, les modĂšles hydrologiques pĂ©rirubains sont en dĂ©veloppement pour prendre en compte les diffĂ©rentes pratiques de gestion des eaux pluviales existantes (noues, toitures vĂ©gĂ©talisĂ©es, ...). L’utilisation conjointe des donnĂ©es simulĂ©es par les diffĂ©rents modĂšles aidera Ă  dĂ©terminer le rĂŽle de la part des surfaces naturelles et artificielles sur les bilans Ă©nergĂ©tique et hydrique en milieu plus ou moins urbanisĂ©. Le milieu pĂ©riurbain Ă©tant en Ă©volution, le projet s’intĂ©ressera aussi Ă  des scĂ©narios d’urbanisation prospectifs en regardant d’une part l’impact de la densification sur les scĂ©narios construits pour l’Yzeron lors du projet AVuPUR (ANR-VMCS, 2008-2011) et d’autre part, en rĂ©flĂ©chissant conjointement avec Nantes MĂ©tropole, aux possibles voies d’évolution sur le bassin de la ChĂ©zine

    The AVuPUR project (Assessing the Vulnerabiliy of Peri-Urbans Rivers): experimental set up, modelling strategy and first results

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    International audienceLe projet AVuPUR a pour objectif de progresser sur la comprĂ©hension et la modĂ©lisation des flux d'eau dans les bassins versants pĂ©ri-urbains. Il s'agit plus particuliĂšrement de fournir des outils permettant de quantifier l'impact d'objets anthropiques tels que zones urbaines, routes, fossĂ©s sur les rĂ©gimes hydrologiques des cours d'eau dans ces bassins. Cet article prĂ©sente la stratĂ©gie expĂ©rimentale et de collecte de donnĂ©es mise en Âœuvre dans le projet et les pistes proposĂ©es pour l'amĂ©lioration des outils de modĂ©lisation existants et le dĂ©veloppement d'outils novateurs. Enfin, nous prĂ©sentons comment ces outils seront utilisĂ©s pour simuler et quantifier l'impact des modifications d'occupation des sols et/ou du climat sur les rĂ©gimes hydrologiques des bassins Ă©tudiĂ©s. / The aim of the AVuPUR project is to enhance our understanding and modelling capacity of water fluxes within suburban watersheds. In particular, the objective is to deliver tools allowing to quantify the impact of anthropogenic elements such as urban areas, roads, ditches on the hydrological regime of suburban rivers. This paper presents the observation and data collection strategy set up by the project, and the directions for improving existing modelling tools or proposing innovative ones. Finally, we present how these tools will be used to simulate and quantify the impact of land use and climate changes on the hydrological regimes of the studied catchments

    Tama Compiler Overhaul

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    Triamec Motion AG manufactures ultra-precision servo drives that can be programmed using the C# programming language and the Tama framework. These servo drives run a virtual machine that executes a proprietary bytecode format, which is generated by the Tama compiler. The compiler previously relied on Microsoft's deprecated CCI library to read C# assembly files and transpile them to the Tama bytecode format. In this project, our goal was to replace the unmaintained CCI library with a modern, actively maintained alternative. After evaluating several options, we chose to replace the CCI library with ILSpy. ILSpy is a modern, actively maintained and well documented .NET decompiler with an active community. In addition to ensuring the ability to support newer versions of .NET in the future, we also implemented a computed goto performance optimization in the servo's runtime, resulting in an overall performance increase of approximately 16%. There is still potential for further performance gains, for example by implementing a template-based just-in-time (JIT) compiler in the servo's runtime

    Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor beta regulates acyl-CoA synthetase 2 in reaggregated rat brain cell cultures.

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    Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are nuclear hormone receptors that regulate the expression of many genes involved in lipid metabolism. The biological roles of PPARalpha and PPARgamma are relatively well understood, but little is known about the function of PPARbeta. To address this question, and because PPARbeta is expressed to a high level in the developing brain, we used reaggregated brain cell cultures prepared from dissociated fetal rat telencephalon as experimental model. In these primary cultures, the fetal cells initially form random aggregates, which progressively acquire a tissue-specific pattern resembling that of the brain. PPARs are differentially expressed in these aggregates, with PPARbeta being the prevalent isotype. PPARalpha is present at a very low level, and PPARgamma is absent. Cell type-specific expression analyses revealed that PPARbeta is ubiquitous and most abundant in some neurons, whereas PPARalpha is predominantly astrocytic. We chose acyl-CoA synthetases (ACSs) 1, 2, and 3 as potential target genes of PPARbeta and first analyzed their temporal and cell type-specific pattern. This analysis indicated that ACS2 and PPARbeta mRNAs have overlapping expression patterns, thus designating the ACS2 gene as a putative target of PPARbeta. Using a selective PPARbeta activator, we found that the ACS2 gene is transcriptionally regulated by PPARbeta, demonstrating a role for PPARbeta in brain lipid metabolism

    Complexes of the neurotensin receptor 1 with small-molecule ligands reveal structural determinants of full, partial, and inverse agonism

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    Neurotensin receptor 1 (NTSR1) and related G protein-coupled receptors of the ghrelin family are clinically unexploited, and several mechanistic aspects of their activation and inactivation have remained unclear. Enabled by a new crystallization design, we present five new structures: apo-state NTSR1 as well as complexes with nonpeptide inverse agonists SR48692 and SR142948A, partial agonist RTI-3a, and the novel full agonist SRI-9829, providing structural rationales on how ligands modulate NTSR1. The inverse agonists favor a large extracellular opening of helices VI and VII, undescribed so far for NTSR1, causing a constriction of the intracellular portion. In contrast, the full and partial agonists induce a binding site contraction, and their efficacy correlates with the ability to mimic the binding mode of the endogenous agonist neurotensin. Providing evidence of helical and side-chain rearrangements modulating receptor activation, our structural and functional data expand the mechanistic understanding of NTSR1 and potentially other peptidergic receptors

    Assessing the Vulnerability of PeriUrban Rivers. Rapport scientifique final du projet AVuPUR (ANR-07-VULN-01)

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    [Departement_IRSTEA]Eaux [TR1_IRSTEA]ARCEAUThe aim of the AVuPUR project was to produce pieces of knowledge and simulation tools about the hydrology of periurban catchments. These catchments are particularly complex due to the juxtaposition of natural or cultivated areas, urban areas and various anthropogenic networks such as roads, sewer networks. For this reason, these catchments had been poorly studied before. In addition to fundamental understanding of the behaviour of those catchments, the project allowed the derivation of elements useful for decision makers. Two pilot catchments, belonging to long term research observatories, were considered within the AVuPUR project: the Yzeron catchment (150 km2), in the vicinity of Lyon, France, belonging to OTHU, and the ChĂ©zine catchment (34 km2), in the suburbs of Nantes, belonging to ONEVU. The first step was the description and understanding of the functioning of the catchments under study. For this purpose, we i) collected and analysed existing geographical (Geographical Information System, GIS) layers and hydrological data; ii) deployed in situ experiments to better understand the hydrological response, in particular in rural areas; iii) developed and compared various land use mapping methods, focusing on the determination of the impervious fraction and the distinction of various vegetation covers. In parallel, we developed and assessed various numerical models, simulating the hydrology of those catchments. At small scale, we proposed a new model, describing each object in the landscape. The aim is a better understanding of their functioning and the derivation of a hierarchy of the dominant objects/processes. For larger catchments, we tried to adapt existing models in order to take into account periurban catchments specificity. Model performance was assessed using indicators allowing the characterization of the impact of land use artificialisation on the water cycle, derived from data analysis. Those indicators are also relevant to quantify the vulnerability of the hydrology of those catchments to urbanization. Prospective meetings gathering the various actors on the Yzeron catchment were organised. They allowed the derivation of possible land use change scenarios in 2030. Those scenarios were introduced in hydrological models to quantify the impact on the hydrological regime and the riverbed erosion risk.Le projet AVuPUR avait pour objectif de produire des connaissances et des outils de simulations sur l’hydrologie des bassins versants pĂ©riurbains. Ces bassins constituent des milieux particuliĂšrement intĂ©ressants, du fait de la juxtaposition de zones rurales naturelles ou agricoles, de zones urbaines artificialisĂ©es et de la multiplicitĂ© des rĂ©seaux. Ils avaient, de fait, Ă©tĂ© peu Ă©tudiĂ©s auparavant. Outre des connaissances fondamentales sur ces bassins, le projet a permis de dĂ©gager des Ă©lĂ©ments d’aide Ă  la dĂ©cision pour les gestionnaires de ces bassins. Le projet s’est appuyĂ© sur deux bassins versants pilote, faisant partie d’observatoires de long terme : le bassin versant de l’Yzeron (150 km2), en pĂ©riphĂ©rie de Lyon, appartenant Ă  l’OTHU , et le bassin de la ChĂ©zine (34 km2) dans la banlieue de Nantes, qui fait partie de l’ONEVU. Nous avons d’abord cherchĂ© Ă  dĂ©crire et comprendre les systĂšmes Ă©tudiĂ©s. Pour cela, nous avons i) collectĂ© et analysĂ© les donnĂ©es gĂ©ographiques (couches de SystĂšmes d’Informations GĂ©ographiques, SIG) et hydrologiques existantes ; ii) mis en place des expĂ©rimentations dĂ©diĂ©es pour mieux comprendre la rĂ©ponse hydrologique des zones rurales ; iii) dĂ©veloppĂ© et comparĂ© diffĂ©rentes mĂ©thodes de cartographie de l’occupation des sols avec une attention particuliĂšre Ă  la quantification de l’impermĂ©abilisation et des divers couverts vĂ©gĂ©taux. En parallĂšle, nous avons dĂ©veloppĂ© et Ă©valuĂ© des outils de simulation du cycle hydrologique dans ces bassins. A fine Ă©chelle, des modĂšles originaux dĂ©crivant les diffĂ©rents objets du paysage ont Ă©tĂ© proposĂ©s afin de mieux comprendre le fonctionnement du systĂšme et hiĂ©rarchiser les objets/processus importants. Pour les bassins plus grands, nous avons cherchĂ© Ă  adapter des modĂšles existants Ă  la complexitĂ© des bassins pĂ©riurbains. Les modĂšles ont Ă©tĂ© Ă©valuĂ©s Ă  l’aide d’indicateurs caractĂ©risant le rĂ©gime hydrologique en milieu artificialisĂ©, dĂ©rivĂ©s de l’analyse des donnĂ©es. Ces indicateurs permettent aussi de quantifier la vulnĂ©rabilitĂ© des bassins Ă  l’urbanisation. Enfin, nous avons Ă©tudiĂ© les perspectives d’évolution du bassin de l’Yzeron Ă  l’échĂ©ance 2030. Un atelier de prospective territoriale a permis de construire une vision, partagĂ©e par les acteurs, des Ă©volutions possibles sur ce bassin. Les scenarii ainsi dĂ©veloppĂ©s ont Ă©tĂ© introduits dans les modĂšles hydrologiques pour quantifier quel pourrait ĂȘtre l’impact sur l’hydrologie et le risque d’incision
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