Rationality applied: resolving the two envelopes problem

The Two Envelopes Problem is a beautiful and quite confusing problem in decision theory which is ca. 35 years old and has provoked at least 150 papers directly addressing the problem and displaying a surprising variety of different responses. This paper finds decisive progress in an approach of Priest and Restall in 2003, contends that the recent papers having appeared since did not really go beyond that paper, argues further that Priest’s and Restall’s solution is still not complete, and proposes a completion of their solution. If the analysis is correct, this work has the potential of laying the Two Envelopes Problem at rest

Fighting human hubris: Intelligence in nonhuman animals and artefacts

100 years ago, the editors of the Journal of Educational Psychology conducted one of the most famous studies of experts’ conceptions of human intelligence. This was reason enough to prompt the question where we stand today with making sense of “intelligence”. In this paper, we argue that we should overcome our anthropocentrism and appreciate the wonders of intelligence in nonhuman and nonbiological animals instead. For that reason, we study two cases of octopus intelligence and intelligence in machine learning systems to embrace the notion of intelligence as a non-unitary faculty with pluralistic forms. Furthermore, we derive lessons for advancing our human self-understanding

Intelligence in Light of Perspectivalism: Lessons from Octopus Intelligence and Artificial Intelligence

This paper pursues the question of where we stand today in making sense of "intelligence". Even though definitions of intelligence have been provided over many years in different fields and disciplines such as psychology, neuroscience, and computer science, these crude approaches often turn out to be overly systematic, rigid, and reductive. Moreover, as we argue here, much work on intelligence suffers from the bias of using humans as a yardstick and/or of focusing on human intelligence at the expense of acknowledging other, i.e., non-human forms of intelligence. By means of a concise literature review and case study analysis, the objective of this paper is to pave the ground for overcoming our anthropocentrism and appreciating the wonders of intelligence in nonhuman and non-biological animals instead. For that reason, we study two cases of octopus intelligence and intelligence in machine learning systems to embrace the notion of intelligence as a non-unitary faculty with pluralistic forms. Furthermore, we derive lessons for advancing our human self-understanding

Siegener Beiträge zur Geschichte und Philosophie der Mathematik 2022

Die im nunmehr vorliegenden sechzehnten Band von SieB - Siegener Beiträge zur Geschichte und Philosophie der Mathematik - vereinten Aufsätze dokumentieren jene Pluralität von Themen, Perspektiven und Methoden das große Oberthema Geschichte und Philosophie der Mathematik betreffend, die in den vorangehenden Bänden bereits ein Anliegen der Reihe war. Die Siegener Beiträge bieten ein Forum für den Diskurs im Bereich von Philosophie und Geschichte der Mathematik. Dabei stehen die folgenden inhaltlichen Aspekte im Zentrum: 1. Philosophie und Geschichte der Mathematik sollen einander wechselseitig fruchtbar irritieren: Ohne Bezug auf die real existierende Mathematik und ihre Geschichte läuft das philosophische Fragen nach der Mathematik leer, ohne Bezug auf die systematische Reflexion über Mathematik wird ein Bemühen um die Mathematikgeschichte blind. 2. Geschichte ermöglicht ein Kontingenzbewusstsein, philosophische Reflexion fordert Kontextualisierungen heraus. Damit stellen sich u. a. Fragen nach der Rolle der Mathematik für die Wissenschaftsgeschichte, aber auch nach einer gesellschaftlichen Rolle der Mathematik und deren historischer Bedingtheit.Inhaltsverzeichnis: Harald Boehme: Von Theodoros bis Speusippos. Zur Entdeckung des Inkommensurablen sowie der Seiten- und Diagonalzahlen Jasmin Özel: Diagrammatisches Denken bei Euklid Christian Hugo Hoffmann: Der Hauptsatz in der Ars conjectandi: Interpretationen von Bernoullis Beiträgen zu den Anfängen der mathematischen Wahrscheinlichkeitstheorie Jens Lemanski: Schopenhauers Logikdiagramme in den Mathematiklehrbüchern Adolph Diesterwegs Dolf Rami: Frege über Merkmale von Begriffen Daniel Koenig: Der Raum als Reihenbegriff – Ernst Cassirers Deutung der Geometrieentwicklung des 19. Jahrhunderts Renate Tobies: Zum 100-jährigen Jubiläum des Ernst Abbe-Gedächtnispreises Štefan Porubský: Štefan Schwarz und die Entstehung der Halbgruppentheorie Stephan Berendonk: Ein dialektischer Weg zur Summe der Kubikzahlen Felicitas Pielsticker & Ingo Witzke: Devilish prime factorization – fundamental theorem of arithmeti

Severe Pneumonia Associated with Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Outbreak, San Luis Potosí, Mexico

Severe pneumonia developed in young adults who had no identifiable risk factors

Coulomb breakup of 17Ne from the viewpoint of nuclear astrophysics

By the Coulomb breakup of 17Ne, the time-reversed reaction 15O(2p,γ)17Ne has been studied. This reaction might play an important role in the rp process, as a break-out reaction of the hot CNO cycle. The secondary 17Ne ion beam with an energy of 500 MeV/nucleon has been dissociated in a Pb target. The reaction products have been detected with the LAND-R3B experimental setup at GSI. The preliminary differential and integral Coulomb dissociation cross section sCoul has been determined, which then will be converted into a photo-absorption cross section sphoto, and a two-proton radiative capture cross section σcap. Additionally, information about the structure of the 17Ne, a potential two-proton halo nucleus, will be received. The analysis is in progress. \ua9 Copyright owned by the author(s) under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike Licence

ARIA-EAACI statement on asthma and COVID-19 (June 2, 2020)

Non peer reviewe

Acute mountain sickness.

Acute mountain sickness (AMS) is a clinical syndrome occurring in otherwise healthy normal individuals who ascend rapidly to high altitude. Symptoms develop over a period ofa few hours or days. The usual symptoms include headache, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, lethargy, unsteadiness of gait, undue dyspnoea on moderate exertion and interrupted sleep. AMS is unrelated to physical fitness, sex or age except that young children over two years of age are unduly susceptible. One of the striking features ofAMS is the wide variation in individual susceptibility which is to some extent consistent. Some subjects never experience symptoms at any altitude while others have repeated attacks on ascending to quite modest altitudes. Rapid ascent to altitudes of 2500 to 3000m will produce symptoms in some subjects while after ascent over 23 days to 5000m most subjects will be affected, some to a marked degree. In general, the more rapid the ascent, the higher the altitude reached and the greater the physical exertion involved, the more severe AMS will be. Ifthe subjects stay at the altitude reached there is a tendency for acclimatization to occur and symptoms to remit over 1-7 days

Effect of aliskiren on post-discharge outcomes among diabetic and non-diabetic patients hospitalized for heart failure: insights from the ASTRONAUT trial

Aims The objective of the Aliskiren Trial on Acute Heart Failure Outcomes (ASTRONAUT) was to determine whether aliskiren, a direct renin inhibitor, would improve post-discharge outcomes in patients with hospitalization for heart failure (HHF) with reduced ejection fraction. Pre-specified subgroup analyses suggested potential heterogeneity in post-discharge outcomes with aliskiren in patients with and without baseline diabetes mellitus (DM). Methods and results ASTRONAUT included 953 patients without DM (aliskiren 489; placebo 464) and 662 patients with DM (aliskiren 319; placebo 343) (as reported by study investigators). Study endpoints included the first occurrence of cardiovascular death or HHF within 6 and 12 months, all-cause death within 6 and 12 months, and change from baseline in N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) at 1, 6, and 12 months. Data regarding risk of hyperkalaemia, renal impairment, and hypotension, and changes in additional serum biomarkers were collected. The effect of aliskiren on cardiovascular death or HHF within 6 months (primary endpoint) did not significantly differ by baseline DM status (P = 0.08 for interaction), but reached statistical significance at 12 months (non-DM: HR: 0.80, 95% CI: 0.64-0.99; DM: HR: 1.16, 95% CI: 0.91-1.47; P = 0.03 for interaction). Risk of 12-month all-cause death with aliskiren significantly differed by the presence of baseline DM (non-DM: HR: 0.69, 95% CI: 0.50-0.94; DM: HR: 1.64, 95% CI: 1.15-2.33; P < 0.01 for interaction). Among non-diabetics, aliskiren significantly reduced NT-proBNP through 6 months and plasma troponin I and aldosterone through 12 months, as compared to placebo. Among diabetic patients, aliskiren reduced plasma troponin I and aldosterone relative to placebo through 1 month only. There was a trend towards differing risk of post-baseline potassium ≥6 mmol/L with aliskiren by underlying DM status (non-DM: HR: 1.17, 95% CI: 0.71-1.93; DM: HR: 2.39, 95% CI: 1.30-4.42; P = 0.07 for interaction). Conclusion This pre-specified subgroup analysis from the ASTRONAUT trial generates the hypothesis that the addition of aliskiren to standard HHF therapy in non-diabetic patients is generally well-tolerated and improves post-discharge outcomes and biomarker profiles. In contrast, diabetic patients receiving aliskiren appear to have worse post-discharge outcomes. Future prospective investigations are needed to confirm potential benefits of renin inhibition in a large cohort of HHF patients without D