Biomass Estimation, Carbon Storage and Energy Content of Three Virgin Jungle Reserves in Peninsular Malaysia

Suatu kajian terhadap biomasa, penyimpanan Carbon dan kandungan energi telah dilakukan di tiga Virgin Jungle Reserve (VJR) yang mewakili zona geografi yang berbeda, yaitu Mata Ayer VJR, Perlis, Bukit Bauk VJR, Terengganu dan Gunung Pulai VJR, Johor, Semenanjung Malaysia. Plot tunggal seluas 2 hektar (100 m x 200 m) telah dibuat di masing-masing VJR. Plot kemudian dibagi menjadi 50 subplot seluas 20 x 20 m2. Semua pohon > 5 cm setinggi dada, telah ditandakan dengan alumunium bernomor, diukur dan spesimen voucher dikumpulkan. Hasilnya menunjukkan kepadatan pohon di Mata Ayer VJR sebanyak 1171 individu/ha, Bukit Bauk VJR sebanyak 1351 individu/ha dan Gunung Pulai VJR sebanyak 1035 individu/ha. Jumlah biomasa di atas tanah, Mata Ayer VJR = 402.6 t/h, Bukit Bauk VJR = 551.2 t/ha dan Gunung Pulai VJR = 320.6 t/ha. Sedangkan jumlah penyimpanan Carbon di atas tanah untuk Mata Ayer VJR = 201.3 t/h, Bukit Bauk VJR = 250.6 t/h dan Gunung Pulai VJR = 160.3 t/ha. Kandungan energi di atas tanah untuk Mata Ayer VJR = 154.97 toe, Bukit Bauk VJR=212.17 toe, dan Gunung Pulai VJR = 123.41toe

Habitat Variation in Vernal Pool Ecosystems on Both Sides of the Strait of Gibraltar

We studied vernal pool (VP) ecosystems along a latitudinal gradient crossing the Strait of Gibraltar in order to determine its role in the distribution of VP plant communities. We analyzed flora, vegetation, physical–chemical water parameters, and climatic data from two vernal pool areas on both the European (Iberian) and African (Moroccan) sides of the Strait. Despite the minor distance between both territories, the pools clearly differed in species composition and ecology. However, they showed a similar vegetation zonation in growth forms, including isoetid, batrachiid, and helophytic vegetation. The distribution of the plant communities was related to nutrient load, temperature, and precipitation. Water nitrate concentration was higher in Morocco, where VPs are characterized by Isoetes velata subsp. adspersa and Ranunculus saniculifolius communities. Iberian VPs had lower water nitrate content, and were characterized by Isoetes velata subsp. velata and Ranunculus peltatus communities. We think this nutrient difference is likely to be caused by the different land management regime on each side of the Strait, with more intensive agriculture in Morocco. Long-term (historical) and present-day (ecological) processes have been proposed to account for the habitat variation in vernal pool ecosystems on both sides of the Strait of Gibraltar

Keanekaragaman Hayati Flora Di Indonesia

Indonesia merupakan negara kepuluauan seluas sekitar 9 juta km2 yang terletak diantara dua samudra dan dua benua dengan jumlah pulau sekitar 17.500 buah yang panjang garis pantainya sekitar 95.181 km. Kondisi geografis tersebut menyebabkan negara Indonesia menjadi suatu negara megabiodiversitas walaupun luasnya hanya sekitar 1,3% dari luas bumi. Dalam dunia tumbuhan, flora di wilayah Indonesia termasuk bagian dari flora dari Malesiana yang diperkirakan memiliki sekitar 25% dari spesies tumbuhan berbunga yang ada di dunia yang menempati urutan negara terbesar ketujuh dengan jumlah spesies mencapai 20.000 spesies, 40%-nya merupakan tumbuhan endemik atau asli Indonesia. Negara Indonesia termasuk negara dengan tingkat keterancaman dan kepunahan spesies tumbuhan tertinggi di dunia. Saat ini tercatat sekitar 240 spesies tanaman dinyatakan langka, diantaranya banyak yang merupakan spesies tanaman budidaya. Selain itu, sekitar 36 spesies pohon di Indonesia dinyatakan terancam punah, termasuk kayu ulin di Kalimantan Selatan, sawo kecik di Jawa Timur, Bali Barat, dan Sumbawa, kayu hitam di Sulawesi, dan kayu pandak di Jawa serta ada sekitar 58 spesies tumbuhan yang berstatus dilindungi

Implementation of 8-Point Slantlet Transform Based Polynomial Cancellation Coding-OFDM System Using FPGA

The objective of this paper is to implement a baseband OFDM transceiver on FPGA hardware. The design uses 8-point SLT/ISLT (Slantlet/Inverse Slantlet) for the processing module with processing block of 8 inputs data wide. All modules are designed and implemented using VHDL programming language. Software tools used in this work includes Altera Quartus II 7.2 and ModelSim Altera 6.1g, to assist the design process and downloading process into FPGA board while Cyclone III board EP3C120F780C7 is used to realize the designed module

Design and Implemetation of FPGA based Software Defined Radio Using Simulink HDL Coder

This paper presents the design procedure and implementation results of a proposed software defined radio (SDR) using Altera Cyclone II family board. The implementation uses Matlab/SimulinkTM, Embedded MatlabTM blocks, and Cyclone II development and educational board. The design has first implemented in Matlab/SimulinkTM environment. It is then converted to VHDL level using Simulink HDL coder. The design is synthesized and fitted with Quartus II 9.0 Web Edition® software, and downloaded to Altera Cyclone II board. The results show that it is easy to develop and understand the implementation of SDR using programmable logic tools. The paper also presents an efficient design flow of the procedure followed to obtain VHDL netlists that can be downloaded to FPGA boards

A New Chaotic Map for Secure Transmission

The secure communication through synchronization between two identic chaotic systems have recently gained a lot of interest. To implement a robust secure system based on synchronization, there is always a need to generate new discrete dynamical systems and investigate their performances in terms of amount of randomness they have and the ability to achieve synchronization smoothly. In this work, a new chaotic system, named Nahrain, is proposed and tested for the possible use in secure transmission via chaos synchronization as well as in cryptography applications. The performance of the proposed chaotic system is tested using 0-1 test, while NIST suite tests are used to check the randomness statistical properties. The nonlinear control laws are used to verify the synchronization of master-slave parts of the proposed system. The simulation results show that Nahrain system has chaotic behavior and synchronizable, while the equivalent binary sequence of the system has excellent randomness statistical properties. The numerical results obtained using MATLAB for 0-1 test was 0.9864, and for frequency test was 0.4202, while for frequency test within a block was 0.4311. As a result, the new proposed system can be used to develop efficient encryption and synchronization algorithms for multimedia secure transmission applications