PILGRIM PRAYER LAW BASED ON THE PERSPECTIVE OF MUHAMMADIYAH LEADERS IN ENREKANG REGENCY, SOUTH SULAWESI

Research on Pilgrim Prayer Law Based on the Perspective of Muhammadiyah Leaders  in Enrekang Regency,  South Sulawesi is Qualitative.  As stated in the formulation of the problem, in addition to researching the Pilgrim Prayer Law Based on the Perspective of the Muhammadiyah Leadership in  Enrekang Regency, the researcher also examined the Pilgrim Prayer Law Based on the  Perspective of  the Imams of the four schools, namely the Hanafi School, the Maliki School, the Shafi'i School and the Hanbali School  .  This study  aims to find out the  extent of the  perspectives of  the Muhammadiyah Leadership  and the  Imam of the Four Schools on the law of pilgrim prayer.   This is in order to  increase understanding, both  among   intellectuals and among the layman.  The results of  this study show that the scholars of the four  schools have different opinions about   the law of  prayer of pilgrims.   Imam Abu Hanifah An- Nu'man bin Tsabit stated that the pilgrim's prayer was the sunnah of mu'akkadah.  Imam Malik bin Anas stated that the law of pilgrim prayer is the sunnah of mu'akkadah. Imam Muhammad ibn Idris As-Shafi'i stated that the pilgrim's prayer was fardhu kifayah.  Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal stated that the law of  pilgrim prayer is mandatory.  As for the  perspective of the Muhammadiyah Regional Leader (PDM), Enrekang Regency stated that the pilgrim's  prayer is fardhu kifayah.  This opinion is in harmony with the  opinion of  Imam Shafi'i and is also in harmony with the tarjih   of muhammadiyah.--Penelitian tentang Hukum Shalat Jamaah Berdasarkan Perspektif Pimpinan Muhammadiyah di Kabupaten Enrekang Sulawesi Selatan bersifat Kualitatif. Sebagaimana yang tertera pada rumusan masalah, selain meneliti tentang Hukum Shalat Jamaah Berdasarkan Perspektif Pimpinan Muhammadiyah di Kabupaten Enrekang, peneliti juga meneliti Hukum Shalat Jamaah Berdasarkan Perspektif imam empat mazhab, yaitu Mazhab Hanafi, Mazhab Maliki, Mazhab Syafi’i dan Mazhab Hanbali. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui sejauh mana perspektif Pimpinan Muhammadiyah dan Imam Empat Mazhab tentang hukum shalat jamaah ini. Hal ini agar dapat menambah pemahaman, baik itu di kalangan intelektual maupun di kalangan awam. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa ulama empat mazhab berbeda pendapat tentang hukum shalat jamaah ini. Imam Abu Hanifah An- Nu’man bin Tsabit menyatakan bahwa shalat jamaah hukumnya adalah sunnah mu’akkadah. Imam Malik bin Anas menyatakan bahwa hukum shalat jamaah adalah sunnah mu’akkadah. Imam Muhammad bin Idris As-Syafi’i menyatakan bahwa shalat jamaah hukumnya adalah fardhu kifayah. Imam Ahmad bin Hanbal menyatakan bahwa hukum shalat jamaah adalah wajib. Adapun mengenai perspektif Pimpinan Daerah Muhammadiyah (PDM) Kab. Enrekang menyatakan bahwa shalat jamaah hukumnya adalah fardhu kifayah. Pendapat ini selaras dengan pendapat Imam Syafi’i dan juga selaras dengan tarjih muhammadiyah

Investigating Data Similarity and Estimation Through Spatio-Temporal Correlation to Enhance Energy Efficiency in WSNs

International audienceWireless sensor networks are of energy-constrained nature, which calls for energy efficient protocols as a primary design goal. Thus, minimizing energy consumption is a main challenge.We are concerned in howcollected data by sensors, can be processed to increase the relevance of certain mass of data and reduce the overall data traffic. Since sensor nodes are often densely deployed, the data collected by nearby nodes are either redundant or correlated. One of the great challenges for the aforementioned problem is to exploit temporal and spatial correlation among the source nodes. Our work is composed of two main tasks: 1- A predictive modeling task that aims to capture the temporal correlation among collected data. 2- A data similarity detection task that measures the data similarity based on the spatial correlation

Evaluation of the effectiveness of sleep hygiene education and FITBIT devices on quality of sleep and psychological worry: a pilot quasi-experimental study among first-year college students

BackgroundCollege students report disturbed sleep patterns that can negatively impact their wellbeing and academic performance.ObjectivesThis study examined the effect of a 4-week sleep hygiene program that included sleep education and actigraph sleep trackers (FITBITs) on improving sleep quality and reducing psychological worry without control group.Design, settings, and participantsA pilot quasi-experimental design, participants were randomly selected medical and health sciences from a university students in the United-Arab-Emirates.MethodsStudents were asked to wear FITBITs and log their daily sleep data and completed the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ). Extensive sleep hygiene education was delivered via lectures, a WhatsApp group, and the Blackboard platform. In total, 50 students completed pre-and post-assessments and returned FITBIT data.ResultsThere was a significant difference in the prevalence of good sleep postintervention compared with pre-intervention (46% vs. 28%; p = 0.0126). The mean PSQI score was significantly lower post-intervention compared with pre-intervention (6.17 ± 3.16 vs. 7.12.87; p = 0.04, Cohen’s d 0.33). After the intervention, subjective sleep quality, sleep latency, and daytime dysfunction were significantly improved compared with pre-intervention (p < 0.05). In addition, FITBIT data showed total sleep time and the number of restless episodes per night were significantly improved postintervention compared with pre-intervention (p = 0.013). The mean PSWQ score significantly decreased from pre-intervention to p = 0.049, Cohen’ d = 0.25. The correlation between PSQI and PSWQ scores was significant post-intervention (β = 0.40, p = 0.02).ConclusionOur results may inform university educational policy and curricular reform to incorporate sleep hygiene awareness programs to empower students and improve their sleep habits

Burnout among surgeons before and during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: an international survey

Background: SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has had many significant impacts within the surgical realm, and surgeons have been obligated to reconsider almost every aspect of daily clinical practice. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study reported in compliance with the CHERRIES guidelines and conducted through an online platform from June 14th to July 15th, 2020. The primary outcome was the burden of burnout during the pandemic indicated by the validated Shirom-Melamed Burnout Measure. Results: Nine hundred fifty-four surgeons completed the survey. The median length of practice was 10 years; 78.2% included were male with a median age of 37 years old, 39.5% were consultants, 68.9% were general surgeons, and 55.7% were affiliated with an academic institution. Overall, there was a significant increase in the mean burnout score during the pandemic; longer years of practice and older age were significantly associated with less burnout. There were significant reductions in the median number of outpatient visits, operated cases, on-call hours, emergency visits, and research work, so, 48.2% of respondents felt that the training resources were insufficient. The majority (81.3%) of respondents reported that their hospitals were included in the management of COVID-19, 66.5% felt their roles had been minimized; 41% were asked to assist in non-surgical medical practices, and 37.6% of respondents were included in COVID-19 management. Conclusions: There was a significant burnout among trainees. Almost all aspects of clinical and research activities were affected with a significant reduction in the volume of research, outpatient clinic visits, surgical procedures, on-call hours, and emergency cases hindering the training. Trial registration: The study was registered on clicaltrials.gov "NCT04433286" on 16/06/2020

Erratum to: 36th International Symposium on Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1186/s13054-016-1208-6.]

Effects of hospital facilities on patient outcomes after cancer surgery: an international, prospective, observational study

Background Early death after cancer surgery is higher in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) compared with in high-income countries, yet the impact of facility characteristics on early postoperative outcomes is unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the association between hospital infrastructure, resource availability, and processes on early outcomes after cancer surgery worldwide.Methods A multimethods analysis was performed as part of the GlobalSurg 3 study-a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study of patients who had surgery for breast, colorectal, or gastric cancer. The primary outcomes were 30-day mortality and 30-day major complication rates. Potentially beneficial hospital facilities were identified by variable selection to select those associated with 30-day mortality. Adjusted outcomes were determined using generalised estimating equations to account for patient characteristics and country-income group, with population stratification by hospital.Findings Between April 1, 2018, and April 23, 2019, facility-level data were collected for 9685 patients across 238 hospitals in 66 countries (91 hospitals in 20 high-income countries; 57 hospitals in 19 upper-middle-income countries; and 90 hospitals in 27 low-income to lower-middle-income countries). The availability of five hospital facilities was inversely associated with mortality: ultrasound, CT scanner, critical care unit, opioid analgesia, and oncologist. After adjustment for case-mix and country income group, hospitals with three or fewer of these facilities (62 hospitals, 1294 patients) had higher mortality compared with those with four or five (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 3.85 [95% CI 2.58-5.75]; p<0.0001), with excess mortality predominantly explained by a limited capacity to rescue following the development of major complications (63.0% vs 82.7%; OR 0.35 [0.23-0.53]; p<0.0001). Across LMICs, improvements in hospital facilities would prevent one to three deaths for every 100 patients undergoing surgery for cancer.Interpretation Hospitals with higher levels of infrastructure and resources have better outcomes after cancer surgery, independent of country income. Without urgent strengthening of hospital infrastructure and resources, the reductions in cancer-associated mortality associated with improved access will not be realised

Simulations numériques de densités de probabilité de macromolécules en solution sous écoulement laminaire

Ce travail porte sur l étude théorique et par simulation numérique de distributions statistiques (PDF) de macromolécules browniennes modélisées sous forme des bâtons rigides en solution diluée sous écoulement hydrodynamique laminaire à 2D. Nous avons résolu d une manière générale pour la première fois, l équation différentielle de Boëder (BED), permettant d obtenir les distributions PDF d orientations de bâtons dans le volume loin d une surface, pour des flux hydrodynamiques et diffusions Browniens arbitraires. Nous avons également développé un modèle avancé de calcul par simulation numérique des PDF d orientations et de positions, en volume, au voisinage d une surface solide dans la couche de déplétion, ainsi que dans un canal étroit. Nos résultats obtenus par simulation numérique en volume concordent parfaitement avec nos solutions analytiques de l équation BED. Le problème du choc entre une macromolécule et une surface solide qui n est pas traité dans la littérature, a été traité dans la thèse à l aide de notions de restitution brownienne et hydrodynamique. Un algorithme incorporant deux coefficients paramétrant ces restitutions nous a permis de calculer les PDF d orientations et de positions de centre de masse des particules. Nous avons montré alors que les PDF de positions dans la couche de déplétion, obéissent au principe d exclusion de ces bâtons par la surface solide, les résultats sont aussi qualitativement en accord avec des résultats expérimentaux antérieurs. Nous estimons que notre modèle de simulation est le meilleur actuellement pour expliquer le déficit des macromolécules dans la couche de déplétion avec un flux croissant. Utilisant la technique expérimentale de rhéomètre optique, nous avons mis en évidence pour des particules polymères non-browniennes de taille microscopique en solution en écoulement, le comportement à la suite d un choc avec une surface solide, qualitativement en accord avec nos hypothèses de restitution.This work is a theoretical and numerical simulation study, of the behaviour of the Probability Distribution Functions (PDF) of Brownian rod like macromolecular particles present in dilute solutions under laminar flow in 2D. We solved initially in a very general manner for the first time, the Boëder differential equation (BDE). This perihits one to calculate these PDF as a function of macromolecular orientations in the bulk solution away from surface boundaries, for arbitrary hydrodynamic flux conditions and particle Brownian rotational diffusion. We also developed a model for numerical simulations to obtain the PDF statistics in the regions of the bulk, the depletion layer near solid surface boundaries, and in narrow canals, as a function of the orientations and centre of mass positions of the rod like particles. Our simulation results in the bulk are in excellent agreement with the analytical solutions of the BDE. The problem of collisions between the rod like macromolecules and solid surface boundaries, previously untreated in the literature, is studied in depth in this thesis with the help of the idea of Brownian and hydrodynamic restitution. An algorithm that we developed, incorporating two such restitution parameters, permits one to calculate the PDF statistics under a wide variety of flux conditions and particle Brownian diffusion. The simulated depletion layer PDF obey the particle exclusion principle imposed by the solid surface, they also agree qualitatively with previous experimental results. Our simulation model is seemingly the best available at present to explain the decrease of the macromolecular PDF in the depletion layer with increasing hydrodynamic flux. Using optical experimental techniques we have been able to show for nonBrownian microscopic rod like particles present in flowing dilute solutions, their behaviour when colliding with solid surface boundaries. This is in qualitative agreement with our simulation model.LE MANS-BU Sciences (721812109) / SudocSudocFranceF

Modélisation théorique et numérique de la dynamique de particules macromoléculaires en écoulement dans des systèmes méso-poreux

Les objectifs de cette thèse visent le développement d un traitement inédit dans un repère spatiale tridimensionnel, pour le problème de la dynamique de collisions diffusives d objets macromoléculaires en solution en écoulement hydrodynamique à l'intérieur des pores de largeur variable, soumis aux forces hydrodynamiques, du mouvement brownien et des collisions diffusifs aux parois des pores, en utilisant la modélisation théorique et les simulations numériques. L approche par simulation numérique est nécessaire car il est extrêmement complexe d utiliser des outils analytiques à présent pour traiter le problème de ces collisions diffusives aux parois solides. Les algorithmes que nous avons développés et les simulations correspondantes sont suffisamment généraux et avancés pour être directement appliquée à l'étude de la dynamique d'une grande variété de polymère et des particules biologiques dans des solutions diluées sous diverses conditions physiques et hydrodynamiques à l'intérieur des pores. Par ailleurs, les mécanismes conduisant à l'adhésion de nano particules et de particules macromoléculaires sous conditions de non-équilibre, en raison de l'influence contradictoire des collisions mécaniques diffusifs et les forces attractives de Hamaker aux parois solides, sont d'un intérêt majeur. Nous avons donc développé un modèle théorique pour calculer le coefficient de restitution. L'objectif est de quantifier le bilan énergétique pendant le processus de collision diffusive de ces particules aux parois, sous l'influence des forces de répulsion d'une part et les forces attractives de Hamaker. Cela se fait par l'élaboration d'un modèle, basé sur le JKR et les théories d Hertz, pour tenir compte des pertes d'énergie lors des collisions et des gains d'énergie en raison des interactions Hamaker. L adhésion arrive si le bilan énergétique le permet. Notre modèle théorique est développé en proposant une approche particulière basée sur le potentiel Hamaker. Nous démontrons ce bilan par le biais d'une équation caractéristique non linéaire pour le coefficient de restitution, et analysons ses propriétés qui déterminent l'adhésion ou non pour diverses conditions physiques initiales.The purpose of this thesis is to develop a comprehensive model analysis in a three-dimensional spatial frame for the dynamics of molecular particles in dilute colloidal suspensions in solutions flowing inside pores of variable width, subject to hydrodynamic forces, Brownian motion and diffusive collisions at the rough pore boundaries, by using numerical simulations. The approach by simulations is necessary because it is extremely complex to use analytical tools at present to deal with the problem of diffusive collisions of the particles at the solid pore boundaries. The algorithms which we have developed and the corresponding simulations are sufficiently general and refined to be directly applied to the study of the dynamics of a wide variety of polymer and biological particles in dilute solutions under diverse physical and applicable hydrodynamic conditions inside pores. Moreover, the mechanisms leading to the adhesion of particles of nano sizes under what would be non-equilibrium conditions, due to the conflicting influence of the mechanical diffusive collisions and the attractive Hamaker forces at the boundaries, are of major interest. We have hence investigated a theoretical model to calculate the restitution coefficient from basic physical principles. The objective is to quantify the energy balance during the process of a diffusive collision of a nano particle under the influence of the repulsive forces on one hand, and the attractive Hamaker forces acting on the nano particle on the other. This is done by developing a model, based on the JKR and Hertz theories, to account for the energy losses during collisions, and for the energy gains due to the Hamaker interactions. Adhesion becomes an outcome if the energy balance permits this. Our theoretical model is developed by proposing a special analytic approach based on the Hamaker potential. We derive from the theoretical analysis a characteristic nonlinear equation for the restitution coefficient, and analyze its properties which determine under given physical conditions the outcome for adhesion or not.LE MANS-BU Sciences (721812109) / SudocSudocFranceF

Effect of Shear Flow on Nanoparticles Migration near Liquid Interfaces

The effect of shear flow on spherical nanoparticles (NPs) migration near a liquid–liquid interface is studied by numerical simulation. We have implemented a compact model through which we use the diffuse interface method for modeling the two fluids and the molecular dynamics method for the simulation of the motion of NPs. Two different cases regarding the state of the two fluids when introducing the NPs are investigated. First, we introduce the NPs randomly into the medium of the two immiscible liquids that are already separated, and the interface is formed between them. For this case, it is shown that before applying any shear flow, 30% of NPs are driven to the interface under the effect of the drag force resulting from the composition gradient between the two fluids at the interface. However, this percentage is increased to reach 66% under the effect of shear defined by a Péclet number Pe = 0.316. In this study, different shear rates are investigated in addition to different shearing times, and we show that both factors have a crucial effect regarding the migration of the NPs toward the interfacial region. In particular, a small shear rate applied for a long time will have approximately the same effect as a greater shear rate applied for a shorter time. In the second studied case, we introduce the NPs into the mixture of two fluids that are already mixed and before phase separation so that the NPs are introduced into the homogenous medium of the two fluids. For this case, we show that in the absence of shear, almost all NPs migrate to the interface during phase separation, whereas shearing has a negative result, mainly because it affects the phase separation