On maximum entropy priors and a most likely likelihood in auditing

There are two basic questions auditors and accountants must consider when developing test and estimation applications using Bayes' Theorem: What prior probability function should be used and what likelihood function should be used. In this paper we propose to use a maximum entropy prior probability function MEP with the most likely likelihood function MLL in the Quasi-Bayesian QB model introduced by McCray (1984). It is defined on an adequate parameter. Thus procedure only needs an expected value of θ0 known (in this paper the expected tainting) to obtain a MEP all an auditor or accountant need to supply are the range, as with any other prior, and the expected tainting, θ0. We will see some practical applications of the methodology proposed about internal control evaluation in auditing

LQR-Based adaptive virtual inertia for grid integration of wind energy conversion system based on synchronverter model

This paper proposes adaptive virtual inertia for the synchronverter model implemented in a wind turbine generator system integrated into the grid through a back-to-back converter. A linear dynamic system is developed for the proposed adaptive virtual inertia, which employs the frequency deviation and the rotor angle deviation of the synchronverter model as the state variables and the virtual inertia and frequency droop gain as the control variables. In addition, the proposed adaptive virtual inertia uses a linear quadratic regulator to ensure the optimal balance between fast frequency response and wind turbine generator system stress during disturbances. Hence, it minimizes frequency deviations with minimum effort. Several case simulations are proposed and carried out in MATLAB/Simulink software, and the results demonstrate the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed adaptive virtual inertia synchronverter based on a linear quadratic regulator. The maximum and minimum frequency, the rate change of the frequency, and the integral of time-weighted absolute error are computed to quantify the performance of the proposed adaptive virtual inertia. These indexes are reduced by 46.61%, 52.67%, 79.41%, and 34.66%, in the worst case, when the proposed adaptive model is compared to the conventional synchronverter model

Una aproximación al maltrato a pacientes con trastornos mentales

ResumenSe considera que los pacientes con trastorno mental son con frecuencia objeto de maltrato; Sin embargo es escasa la investigación en este tópico. Los pacientes con trastorno mental pueden ser objeto de abuso fisico. sexual, psicológico, económico o negligencia por parte de familiares y otras personas en la comunidad debido a las connotaciones negativas que tienen estas entidades clínicas.[Hernández N, Escobar CC. Una aproximación al maltrato a pacientes con trastornos mentales. MedUNAB 2004; 7:130-3].Palabras clave: Maltrato y trastornos mentales

Estudio de insecticidas para el control de mosca blanca Bemisia tabaci Genn enn el cultivo del frijol Phaseolus vulgaris L.

Se evaluaron nuevos plaguicidas para reducir las poblaciones de la mosca blanca (Bemisia tabaci Genn), vector del Mosaico Dorado del frijol (BGMV), en el Valle de Zapotitán y la Estación Experimental de San Andrés a 460 mnsm, durante la época seca a partir del 22 de diciembre de 1989 a mayo de 1990. Las variedades de frijol utilizadas fueron Rojo de Seda, Sangre de toro y CENTACuscatleco. Se utilizó un diseño experimental de bloques al azar, con 4 y 5 repeticiones, y un total de 4 ensayos. Se encontró en el primer y segundo ensayo que bifentrin 100 EC (60 g.i.a./ha) y fenpropatrin 375 FC (203 g.i.a./ha) fueron eficaces para el control de la mosca blanca, y redujeron la incidencia del mosaico dorado. Cuando B. tabaci no se controló eficazmente la incidencia de BGMV alcanzó un 100% entre los 36 y 32 días después de la siembra, en las variedades susceptibles Rojo de Seda y Sangre de Toro. En los ensayos tres y cuatro se utilizaron además tratadores de semilla y suelo combinados con aspersiones al follaje. Los mejores rendimientos se produjeron con los tratamientos de carbosulfan + bifentrin (1519,9 kg/ha), acephato + bifentrin (1428 kg/ha) en la variedad resistente CENIA Cuscatleco, acephato + fenpropatrin (756,6 kg/ha), acephato + bifentrin (725,1 kg/ha) y carbofuran + fenpropatrin (636,3 g/ha) en la variedad susceptible Rojo de Seda. De los productos evaluables, fenpropatrin 375 EC, fue el que mostró las poblaciones más bajas de huevos y ninfas de B. tabaci. Existió una correlación significativa entre la época de aparición de los síntomas de la enfermedad BGMV y la producción. El tratamiento acephato 95% + bifentrin 100 EC el mayor beneficio neto seguido por carbofuran 5% g + bifentrin 100 EC

A Bayesian Approach for Estimating the Thinning Corrosion Rate of Steel Heat Exchanger in Hydrodesulfurization Plants

Fuel consumption has been increasing in recent years, especially that of diesel and jet fuel. For this reason, the necessity to build new plants to reduce their sulfur content has arisen. Sometimes, just revamping existing plants is feasible, but determining which pieces of equipment are in the appropriate condition to be reused is also necessary. In order to select the equipment, it is essential to have information about the wall thickness of vessels. Sometimes, the information is limited; consequently, the application of advanced statistical techniques is needed. ,e Bayesian Data Analysis (BDA) used in this study has the goal of determining a more accurate, unobserved thinning rate distribution for existing heat exchangers, taking into consideration all the information available about the thinning rate of the heat exchangers that cool down the effluent of the hydrotreating reactors in Mexican oil refineries. ,e information obtained from BDA was compared with existing shell wall thickness obtaining favorable results

A Fingerprint Image Encryption Scheme Based on Hyperchaotic Rössler Map

Currently, biometric identifiers have been used to identify or authenticate users in a biometric system to increase the security in access control systems. Nevertheless, there are several attacks on the biometric system to steal and recover the user’s biometric trait. One of the most powerful attacks is extracting the fingerprint pattern when it is transmitted over communication lines between modules. In this paper, we present a novel fingerprint image encryption scheme based on hyperchaotic Rössler map to provide high security and secrecy in user’s biometric trait, avoid identity theft, and increase the robustness of the biometric system. A complete security analysis is presented to justify the secrecy of the biometric trait by using our proposed scheme at statistical level with 100% of NPCR, low correlation, and uniform histograms. Therefore, it can be used in secure biometric access control systems

High-pressure Raman spectroscopy and lattice-dynamics calculations on scintillating MgWO4: A comparison with isomorphic compounds

Raman scattering measurements and lattice-dynamics calculations have been performed on magnesium tungstate under high pressure up to 41 GPa. Experiments have been carried out under a selection of different pressure-media. The influence of non-hydrostaticity on the structural properties of MgWO4 and isomorphic compounds is examined. Under quasi-hydrostatic conditions a phase transition has been found at 26 GPa in MgWO4. The high-pressure phase has been tentatively assigned to a triclinic structure similar to that of CuWO4. We also report and discuss the Raman symmetries, frequencies, and pressure coefficients in the low- and high-pressure phases. In addition, the Raman frequencies for different wolframites are compared and the variation of the mode frequency with the reduced mass across the family is investigated. Finally, the accuracy of theoretical calculations is systematically discussed for MgWO4, MnWO4, FeWO4, CoWO4, NiWO4, ZnWO4, and CdWO4.Comment: 36 pages, 9 figures, 4 table

Diversidad morfológica y fisiológica de cepas nativas de Trichoderma spp. en suelos cacaoteros de México

Objective: To study the morphological, microscopic and physiological diversity of native species of Trichoderma genus associated with soils with cocoa cultivation in Mexico. Design / methodology / approximation: Colonies of Trichoderma spp. were isolated and characterized morphologically, microscopically and physiologically. from soil samples from six sites with different agronomic management: Organic Management, Conventional and No Management. A multivariate analysis (Analysis of main components and Analysis of hierarchical conglomerates) was carried out based on eight morphological characters of the colonies: shape, mycelium texture, obverse color, reverse color, central halo, number of concentric rings, type of sporulation and sporulation capacity; three microscopic characters: conidia shape and length / width relation of conidia and phialides. Results: 30 strains with macroscopic characteristics of the genus Trichoderma were isolated and purified. The Principal Components Analysis showed that the first three components expressed 66.27% of the total variability in the 30 strains of Trichoderma spp., observing a wide distribution of the strains from the analysis of the evaluated characters. The analysis of hierarchical clusters determined eight groups divided into subgroups from the semiparcial correlation coefficient of 0.05. Limitations of the study / implications: Trichoderma species show intraspecific variation that change with respect to the environmental conditions of the environment where they grow. Findings / conclusions: The morphological, microscopic and physiological characterization shows a high variability expressed in different characters that demonstrate the high diversity and specificity of Trichoderma spp. in soils with cocoa cultivation in Mexico.Objetivo: Estudiar la diversidad morfológica, microscópica y fisiológica de especies nativas del género Trichoderma asociadas a suelos cacaoteros de México. Diseño/metodología/aproximación: Se aislaron y caracterizaron morfológica, microscópica y fisiológicamente, colonias de Trichoderma spp. a partir de muestras de suelo de seis sitios con diferente manejo agronómico: Manejo Orgánico, Convencional y Sin Manejo. Se realizó un análisis multivariado (Análisis de componentes principales y Análisis de conglomerados jerárquicos) a partir de ocho caracteres morfológicos de las colonias: forma, textura del micelio, color anverso, color reverso, halo central, número de anillos concéntricos, tipo de esporulación y capacidad de esporulación; tres caracteres microscópicos: forma de conidios y relación largo/ancho de conidios y fiálides. Resultados: Se aislaron y purificaron 30 cepas con características macroscópicas del género Trichoderma. El Análisis de Componentes Principales mostró que los primeros tres componentes expresaron el 66.27 % de la variabilidad total en las 30 cepas de Trichoderma spp., observando una amplia distribución de las cepas a partir del análisis de los caracteres evaluados. El análisis de conglomerados jerarquicos determinó ocho grupos divididos en subgrupos a partir del coeficiente de correlación semiparcial de 0.05. Limitaciones del estudio/implicaciones: Las especies de Trichoderma muestran variación intraespecífica que cambian con respecto a las condiciones ambientales del medio donde crecen. Hallazgos/conclusiones: La caracterización morfológica, microscópica y fisiológica, muestra una alta variabilidad expresada en diferentes caracteres que demuestran la alta diversidad y especificidad de las especies de Trichoderma spp. en suelos cacaoteros de México