186 research outputs found

    Architecture et droit d'auteur : approche comparatiste franco-canadienne

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    Le sujet de ce mĂ©moire est relatif aux particularitĂ©s de la protection de l’Ɠuvre architecturale en droit d’auteur, et plus prĂ©cisĂ©ment aux limites Ă  ce droit dĂ©coulant de la nature de l’Ɠuvre, en droit français et en droit canadien. L’objectif de cette recherche sera, Ă  titre principal, de dĂ©montrer qu’il existe des limites intrinsĂšques Ă  la protection de l’Ɠuvre architecturale Ă  la fois en droit d’auteur français et en droit d’auteur canadien, de sorte qu’un rĂ©gime particulier s’applique Ă  elle. Subsidiairement, nous serons amenĂ©s Ă  dĂ©montrer que ces spĂ©cificitĂ©s prĂ©sentent des nuances d’un ordre juridique Ă  l’autre qui traduisent les marques d’une diffĂ©rence conceptuelle plus fondamentale entre le droit français et le droit canadien en termes de droit d’auteur. D’un cĂŽtĂ©, le droit d’auteur Ă  la française personnaliste et romantique place la personne de l’auteur au centre de la protection et lui attribue des prĂ©rogatives trĂšs marquĂ©es. De l’autre, le droit d’auteur canadien se place dans une tradition de copyright et donc dans une logique plus Ă©conomique et travailliste qui se concentre davantage sur l’exploitation Ă©conomique de l’Ɠuvre et l’intĂ©rĂȘt du public. Cette dĂ©monstration se fera par le prisme de l’étude de la qualification de l’Ɠuvre, au travers de l’originalitĂ© et de la contrefaçon, et de son intangibilitĂ©, fragilisĂ©e par la confrontation entre le droit moral de l’architecte-auteur et le droit de propriĂ©tĂ©.This essay aims to study the particularities of the protection of architectural works in copyright, and more specifically its limits resulting from the nature of the work, in French and Canadian law. The main objective of this research is to demonstrate that there are intrinsic limitations to the protection of architectural works in both French and Canadian copyright law, which therefore differs from the ordinary legislation regarding copyright. Incidentally, this study will lead us to demonstrate that these specificities show nuances from one legal system to another, which reflect the marks of a more fundamental difference between French law and Canadian law in terms of copyright conception. On the one hand, the French conception of “droit d’auteur”, finely personalist and romantic, places the author's person at the heart of the protection by giving him significant prerogatives. On the other hand, Canadian copyright stems mainly from a common law tradition and is thus animated by a more economic and labour-oriented logic which further focuses on the economic exploitation of the work and public interest. This demonstration will be made by studying the qualification of the work, through the notions of originality and counterfeiting, and its intangibility, which is weakened by the confrontation between the moral right of the architect and property right

    Les ornements des peintures murales de la chapelle du logis abbatial de Moissac (Tarn-et-Garonne)

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    Les peintures murales de la chapelle de l’ancien logis abbatial de Moissac, datĂ©es de la fin du XIIe siĂšcle, associent de maniĂšre singuliĂšre un Arbre de JessĂ© et une Maiestas Domini. À la suite des Ă©tudes stylistiques et iconographiques dĂ©jĂ  conduites, le prĂ©sent article vise Ă  apprĂ©hender le caractĂšre signifiant et l’efficacitĂ© des fleurs tentaculaires de l’Arbre de JessĂ©, dont l’effet plastique est indĂ©niable. En empruntant le concept de l’« ornementalité », on s’interroge sur la progression de la mĂ©taphore vĂ©gĂ©tale dans l’espace de la chapelle, de la luxuriance florale Ă  l’épure gĂ©omĂ©trique, et sur ses implications symboliques et liturgiques. In fine, les diffĂ©rentes modalitĂ©s ornementales traversant ce dĂ©cor participent d’une image synthĂ©tique, rĂ©sumant la totalitĂ© de l’historia dans la loi de l’Église.The wall paintings adorning the private chapel of the abbot’s house at Moissac, dated from the end of the twelfth century, uniquely combine a Tree of Jesse and a Maiestas Domini. In the wake of the stylistic and iconographic studies already carried out, this article aims to understand the meaningfulness and the efficiency of the octopus flowers adorning the Tree of Jesse, whose plastic effect is undeniable. Adopting the concept of "ornamentality", we question the progression of vegetal metaphor within the chapel, from floral luxuriance to geometric purity, as well as its symbolic and liturgical implications. Finally, the multiple ornamental modalities participate in a synthetic image, summarizing the totality of the historia in the law of the Church

    iCOR Atmospheric Correction on Sentinel-3/OLCI over Land: Intercomparison with AERONET, RadCalNet, and SYN Level-2

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    To validate the iCOR atmospheric correction algorithm applied to the Sentinel-3 Ocean and Land Color Instrument (OLCI), Top-of-Atmosphere (TOA) observations over land, globally retrieved Aerosol Optical Thickness (AOT), Top-of-Canopy (TOC) reflectance, and Vegetation Indices (VIs) were intercompared with (i) AERONET AOT and AERONET-based TOC reflectance simulations, (ii) RadCalNet surface reflectance observations, and (iii) SYN Level 2 (L2) AOT, TOC reflectance, and VIs. The results reveal that, overall, iCOR's statistical and temporal consistency is high. iCOR AOT retrievals overestimate relative to AERONET, but less than SYN L2. iCOR and SYN L2 TOC reflectances exhibit a negative bias of ~−0.01 and −0.02, respectively, in the Blue bands compared to the simulations. This diminishes for RED and NIR, except for a +0.02 bias for SYN L2 in the NIR. The intercomparison with RadCalNet shows relative differences < ±6%, except for bands Oa02 (Blue) and Oa21 (NIR), which is likely related to the reported OLCI "excess of brightness". The intercomparison between iCOR and SYN L2 showed R2 = 0.80–0.93 and R2 = 0.92–0.96 for TOC reflectance and VIs, respectively. iCOR's higher temporal smoothness compared to SYN L2 does not propagate into a significantly higher smoothness for TOC reflectance and VIs. Altogether, we conclude that iCOR is well suitable to retrieve statistically and temporally consistent AOT, TOC reflectance, and VIs over land surfaces from Sentinel-3/OLCI observations

    Validation of Copernicus Sentinel-3/OLCI Level 2 Land Integrated Water Vapour product

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    Validation of the Integrated Water Vapour (IWV) from Sentinel-3 Ocean and Land Colour Instrument (OLCI) was performed as a part of the “ESA/Copernicus Space Component Validation for Land Surface Temperature, Aerosol Optical Depth and Water Vapour Sentinel-3 Products” (LAW) project. High-spatial-resolution IWV observations in the near-infrared spectral region from the OLCI instruments aboard the Sentinel-3A and Sentinel-3B satellites provide continuity with observations from MERIS (Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer). The IWV was compared with reference observations from two networks: GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) precipitable water vapour from the SuomiNet network and integrated lower tropospheric columns from radio-soundings from the IGRA (Integrated Radiosonde Archive) database. Results for cloud-free matchups over land show a wet bias of 7 %–10 % for OLCI, with a high correlation against the reference observations (0.98 against SuomiNet and 0.90 against IGRA). Both OLCI-A and OLCI-B instruments show almost identical results, apart from an anomaly observed in camera 3 of the OLCI-B instrument, where observed biases are lower than in other cameras in either instrument. The wavelength drift in sensors was investigated, and biases in different cameras were found to be independent of wavelength. Effect of cloud proximity was found to have almost no effect on observed biases, indicating that cloud flagging in the OLCI IWV product is sufficiently reliable. We performed validation of random uncertainty estimates and found them to be consistent with the statistical a posteriori estimates, but somewhat higher

    Characterization and classification of textures on natural images

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    The existing texture classification methods are generally based on a parameter extraction stage followed by a classifier stage . Using this kind of method,for an operational application requires to take into account the risk of classes mixture in the parameters space . We propose to take profit of Gagalowicz conjecture in order ta minimise this risk . The conjecture provides us with a set of parameters which totally describe the texture. We show that a connectionnist classifier is able to deal efficiently with these parameters .La plus grande partie des mĂ©thodes de classification de textures existantes consiste Ă  alimenter un classifieur par un ensemble de paramĂštres caractĂ©ristiques calculĂ©s localement sur l'image texturĂ©e. La mise en Ɠuvre de ces mĂ©thodes dans le cadre d'applications opĂ©rationnelles suppose la prise en compte d'un Ă©lĂ©ment important : le risque de confusion de classes dans l'espace paramĂ©trique. Pour Ă©viter ce problĂšme, nous proposons d'exploiter la conjecture de Gagalowicz [12], qui nous fournit un ensemble de paramĂštres suffisants pour caractĂ©riser totalement la texture. Nous montrons qu'un classifieur connexionniste est capable d'exploiter efficacement ces paramĂštre

    Sea Surface Salinity And Barrier Layer Variability In The Equatorial Pacific As Seen From Aquarius And Argo

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    ISI Document Delivery No.: AB6DZ Times Cited: 0 Cited Reference Count: 52 Cited References: Alory G, 2012, J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS, V117, DOI 10.1029/2011JC007802 Ando K, 1997, J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS, V102, P23063, DOI 10.1029/97JC01443 Argo Steering Team, 1998, 21 ARG STEER TEAM IN, V21 BINGHAM FM, 1995, DEEP-SEA RES PT I, V42, P1545, DOI 10.1016/0967-0637(95)00064-D Bosc C, 2009, J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS, V114, DOI 10.1029/2008JC005187 Boutin J, 2013, OCEAN SCI, V9, P183, DOI 10.5194/os-9-183-2013 Boyer TP, 2002, J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS, V107, DOI 10.1029/2001JC000829 Chen D, 2004, J TROP OCEANOGR, V23, P1 Cronin MF, 2002, J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS, V107, DOI 10.1029/2001JC001171 de Boyer Montegut C., 2004, J GEOPHYS RES, V109, DOI 10.1029/2004JC002378 Delcroix T, 2002, J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS, V107, DOI 10.1029/2001JC000862 DELCROIX T, 1992, J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS, V97, P5423, DOI 10.1029/92JC00127 Fujii Y, 2003, J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS, V108, DOI 10.1029/2002JC001745 GODFREY JS, 1989, J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS, V94, P8007, DOI 10.1029/JC094iC06p08007 Hasegawa T, 2013, J CLIMATE, V26, P8126, DOI 10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00187.1 Henocq C, 2010, J ATMOS OCEAN TECH, V27, P192, DOI 10.1175/2009JTECHO670.1 Johnson ES, 2002, J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS, V107, DOI 10.1029/2001JC001122 Juza M, 2012, J OPER OCEANOGR, V5, P45 Kalnay E, 1996, B AM METEOROL SOC, V77, P437, DOI 10.1175/1520-0477(1996)0772.0.CO;2 Kessler WS, 1998, J CLIMATE, V11, P777, DOI 10.1175/1520-0442(1998)0112.0.CO;2 KESSLER WS, 1990, J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS, V95, P5183, DOI 10.1029/JC095iC04p05183 Lagerloef G., 2013, AQ014OPS0016 Lagerloef G, 2008, OCEANOGRAPHY, V21, P68 Lee T, 2012, GEOPHYS RES LETT, V39, DOI 10.1029/2012GL052232 Levitus S., 1982, 13 NOAA LINDSTROM E, 1987, NATURE, V330, P533, DOI 10.1038/330533a0 LUKAS R, 1991, J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS, V96, P3343 Maes C, 2004, GEOPHYS RES LETT, V31, DOI 10.1029/2004GL019867 Maes C, 2008, J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS, V113, DOI 10.1029/2007JC004297 Maes C, 2011, SOLA, V7, P97, DOI 10.2151/sola.2011-025 Maes C, 2006, GEOPHYS RES LETT, V33, DOI 10.1029/2005GL024772 Maes C, 2000, GEOPHYS RES LETT, V27, P1659, DOI 10.1029/1999GL011261 Maes C, 2002, GEOPHYS RES LETT, V29, DOI 10.1029/2002GL016029 Maes C, 2005, J CLIMATE, V18, P104, DOI 10.1175/JCLI-3214.1 Lukas R, 1996, J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS, V101, P12209, DOI 10.1029/96JC01204 MCPHADEN MJ, 1992, J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS, V97, P14289, DOI 10.1029/92JC01197 MCPHADEN MJ, 1990, SCIENCE, V250, P1385, DOI 10.1126/science.250.4986.1385 PALMER TN, 1984, NATURE, V310, P483, DOI 10.1038/310483a0 Picaut J, 2001, J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS, V106, P2363, DOI 10.1029/2000JC900141 Picaut J, 1997, SCIENCE, V277, P663, DOI 10.1126/science.277.5326.663 Qu TD, 1999, J PHYS OCEANOGR, V29, P1488, DOI 10.1175/1520-0485(1999)0292.0.CO;2 Qu TD, 2013, J PHYS OCEANOGR, V43, P1551, DOI 10.1175/JPO-D-12-0180.1 Qu TD, 2008, GEOPHYS RES LETT, V35, DOI 10.1029/2008GL035058 Reverdin G., 2013, OCEANOGRAPHY, V26, P4857, DOI 10.5670/oceanog.2013.04 Riser SC, 2008, OCEANOGRAPHY, V21, P56 Rodier M., 2000, J OCEANOGR, V56, P463, DOI 10.1023/A:1011136608053 SHINODA T, 1995, J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS, V100, P2523, DOI 10.1029/94JC02486 Singh A, 2011, J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS, V116, DOI 10.1029/2010JC006862 Song Y. T., 2013, J GEOPHYS R IN PRESS SPRINTALL J, 1992, J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS, V97, P7305, DOI 10.1029/92JC00407 Takahashi K, 2011, GEOPHYS RES LETT, V38, DOI 10.1029/2011GL047364 Yu JY, 2007, J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS, V112, DOI 10.1029/2006JD007654 Qu, Tangdong Song, Y. Tony Maes, Christophe NSF [OCE11-30050]; NASA [NNX12AG02G]; Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under NASA; IRD T. Qu was supported by NSF through grant OCE11-30050 and by NASA as part of the Aquarius Science Team investigation through grant NNX12AG02G. Y. T. Song was supported by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contracts with NASA. C. Maes is supported by IRD. The authors are grateful to N. Schneider and I. Fukumori for useful discussion on the topic, to K. Yu for assistance in processing the Aquarius data, and to two anonymous reviewers for valuable comments on this manuscript. School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology contribution number 9054 and International Pacific Research Center contribution IPRC-1033. 0 AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION WASHINGTON J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANSThis study investigates the sea surface salinity (SSS) and barrier layer variability in the equatorial Pacific using recently available Aquarius and Argo data. Comparison between the two data sets indicates that Aquarius is able to capture most of the SSS features identified by Argo. Despite some discrepancies in the mean value, the SSS from the two data sets shows essentially the same seasonal cycle in both magnitude and phase. For the period of observation between August 2011 and July 2013 Aquarius nicely resolved the zonal displacement of the SSS front along the equator, showing its observing capacity of the western Pacific warm pool. Analysis of the Argo data provides further information on surface stratification. A thick barrier layer is present on the western side of the SSS front during all the period of observation, moving back and forth along the equator with its correlation with the Southern Oscillation Index exceeding 0.80. Generally, the thick barrier layer moves eastward during El Nino and westward during La Nina. The mechanisms responsible for this zonal displacement are discussed. Key Points Aquarius nicely resolved the SSS front along the equator in the western Pacific A thick barrier layer is always present on the western side of the SSS front Both the SSS front and thick barrier layer are highly correlated with ENS

    Performance of plain and slag-blended cements and mortars exposed to combined chloride-sulphate solution

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    The durability of reinforced concrete structures exposed to aggressive environments remains a challenge to both researchers and the construction industry. This study investigates the hydration, mechanical properties and durability characteristics of ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS) - blended cements and mortars exposed to a combined sodium chloride - sulphate environment, at temperatures of 20°C and 38°C. The conditions were chosen so as to assess the performance of slag blends under typical temperate and warm tropical marine climatic conditions. Slags, having CaO/SiO2 ratios of 1.05 and 0.94, were blended with CEM I 52.5R at 30% replacement level to study the influence of slag composition and temperature. Parallel control tests were carried out with CEM I 42.5R. Pastes and mortar samples were cast using 0.5 water to binder ratio, pre-cured for 7 days in water before exposure. Flexural strengths were determined once the samples were 7, 28 or 90 days old. Hydration was followed using x-ray diffraction (XRD), thermal analysis, and calorimetry. Also, sorptivity, gas permeability and chloride diffusion tests were carried out on mortar samples to measure transport and durability characteristics. The results show improved mechanical and transport properties for slag blended cements exposed to environments rich in sodium chloride and sulphate

    Modélisation des interactions ioniques à la surface des Silicates de Calcium Hydratés

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    Ce travail de thĂšse prĂ©sente la modĂ©lisation des phĂ©nomĂšnes interfaciaux des Silicates de Calcium HydratĂ©s (C-S-H) en prĂ©sence de diverses solutions salines. Les C-S-H sont synthĂ©tisĂ©s en laboratoire sous la forme de suspensions en solution. La caractĂ©risation du solide par diffraction des rayons X et par rĂ©sonnance magnĂ©tique nuclĂ©aire permet de valider le processus de synthĂšse. L'Ă©tude de particules colloĂŻdales en solution, tels les C-S-H, requiert la caractĂ©risation globale de l'interface, c'est-Ă -dire la surface du solide, la rĂ©gion interfaciale et la solution. Le modĂšle numĂ©rique dĂ©veloppĂ© dans le cadre de travail de recherche prend en compte les spĂ©cificitĂ©s physiques de ces trois rĂ©gions. La modĂ©lisation des intĂ©ractions ioniques s'articule expĂ©rimentalement sur les mesures de potentiel zĂȘta et de rĂ©tention ionique. Le modĂšle considĂšre les phĂ©nomĂšnes de double couche et de complexation de surface pour interprĂ©ter les donnĂ©es de potentiel zĂȘta. Une telle interprĂ©tation permet Ă©galement de dĂ©terminer quantitativement la fixation des ions par les C-S-H, due Ă  l'adsorption spĂ©cifique et Ă  l'attraction Ă©lectrostatique. La modĂ©lisation des interactions de surface est couplĂ©e chimiquement Ă  un modĂšle de solubilitĂ©. Ce couplage physico-chimique fait intervenir la notion d'activitĂ© ionique. Le coefficient d'activitĂ© des ions en solution est calculĂ© par la mĂ©thode MSA (Mean Spherical Approximation) qui est applicable Ă  de fortes concentrations ioniques. Les C-S-H sont Ă©tudiĂ©s en prĂ©sence de NaCl, Na2SO4, NaOH et CaCl2. Les rĂ©sultats du modĂšle mettent en Ă©vidence la dĂ©pendance de la charge de surface en fonction de la composition de la solution, ainsi que la corrĂ©lation implicite entre les interactions interfaciales et la rĂ©tention ionique. Cette corrĂ©lation est vĂ©rifiĂ©e par l'application du modĂšle Ă  des pĂątes de C3S hydratĂ©. L'un des objectifs majeurs de la thĂšse est l'Ă©tude du comportement des ions chlore. L'Ă©tude dĂ©montre leur trĂšs faible interactivitĂ© envers les C-S-H, ce qui constitue une information importante, car, dans le cas d'une pĂąte de ciment hydratĂ©, les C-S-H sont gĂ©nĂ©ralement considĂ©rĂ©s comme Ă©tant les principaux responsables de la rĂ©tention du chlore. Par le dĂ©veloppement d'un module d'interactions physiques, ce travail de recherche contribue significativement Ă  l'Ă©tude du transport ionique dans les matĂ©riaux cimentaires

    Cartographie du site archéologique de Baie-Rouge et pose d'un remblai protecteur. Saint-Martin Guadeloupe. Rapport d'opération archéologique n° SRA 305: Lotissement des Terres-Basses. Lot 183 (SAINT-MARTIN, parcelle AB 13)

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    24 p.Le site prĂ©colombien de Baie Rouge est le seul site taĂŻno des Antilles Françaises (culture chican-ostionoĂŻde) et il reprĂ©sente donc un tĂ©moin trĂšs important de l'archĂ©ologie prĂ©colombienne des Petites Antilles. Or depuis plusieurs annĂ©es il est gravement menacĂ©. Cette parcelle est occupĂ©e cĂŽtĂ© plage par deux restaurants non autorisĂ©s et le site lui mĂȘme sert de parking aux vĂ©hicules des vacanciers se rendant Ă  la plage. Cette utilisation, combinĂ©e Ă  la pente du terrain, a provoquĂ© la mise Ă  nu du sol naturel et un dĂ©but d'Ă©rosion qui entame profondĂ©ment la couche archĂ©ologique. DĂšs 2003 cette situation est constatĂ©e par la DRAC qui entreprend des dĂ©marches pour tenter de rĂ©soudre ce problĂšme avec l'aide du propriĂ©taire des terrains (l'Association des Terres Basses). La solution adoptĂ©e consiste Ă  protĂ©ger le site par la pose d'un remblai de terre d'une quarantaine de centimĂštres d'Ă©paisseur. Cette opĂ©ration est conduite en juin 2005 aprĂšs un relevĂ© de la topographie du terrain et une cartographie des vestiges archĂ©ologiques visibles ou enfouis

    Modélisation des interactions ioniques à la surface des silicates de calcium hydratés

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    Ce travail prĂ©sente la modĂ©lisation des phĂ©nomĂšnes interfaciaux des Silicates de Calcium HydratĂ©s (C-S-H) en prĂ©sence de diverses solutions salines. La caractĂ©risation des intĂ©ractions ioniques s'articule expĂ©rimentalement sur les mesures de potentiel zĂȘta et de rĂ©tention ionique. Le modĂšle numĂ©rique dĂ©veloppĂ© dans le cadre de ce travail considĂšre les phĂ©nomĂšnes de double couche et de complexation de surface pour interprĂ©ter les donnĂ©es de potentiel zĂȘta. Une telle interprĂ©tation permet de dĂ©terminer quantitativement la fixation des ions par les C-S-H due Ă  l'adsorption spĂ©cifique et l'attraction Ă©lectrostatique. Les rĂ©sultats du modĂšle mettent en Ă©vidence la corrĂ©lation implicite entre les interactions interfaciales et la rĂ©tention ionique; cette corrĂ©lation est vĂ©rifiĂ©e par l'application du modĂšle Ă  des pĂątes de C3S hydratĂ©. L'un des objectifs majeurs de la thĂšse est l'Ă©tude du comportement des ions chlore; les rĂ©sultats dĂ©montrent leur trĂšs faible interactivitĂ© avec les C-S-H.This work presents the modeling of interfacial phenomena of Calcium Silicate Hydrates (C-S-H) in the presence of various salt solutions. The modeling of the ionic interactions is based on the zeta potential and binding measurements. The model assumes the double layer and the surface complexation phenomena to explain the zeta potential data. This assumption allows to determine the ionic binding on C-S-H, due to the specific adsorption and the electrostatic forces. The model results shows how the surface charge of C-S-H is influenced by the solution composition. The results highlights also the correlation between the interfacial interactions and the ionic binding. This correlation is confirmed by applying the model to hydrated C3S pastes. One of the major objectives of the thesis is the study of the chloride ions. This study makes appear a very low interaction between the C-S-H and the chloride ions.CERGY PONTOISE-BU Neuville (951272102) / SudocSudocFranceF
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