455 research outputs found
Synthetic Observations of Carbon Lines of Turbulent Flows in Diffuse Multiphase Interstellar Medium
We examine observational characteristics of multi-phase turbulent flows in
the diffuse interstellar medium (ISM) using a synthetic radiation field of
atomic and molecular lines. We consider the multi-phase ISM which is formed by
thermal instability under the irradiation of UV photons with moderate visual
extinction . Radiation field maps of C, C, and CO line
emissions were generated by calculating the non-local thermodynamic equilibrium
(nonLTE) level populations from the results of high resolution hydrodynamic
simulations of diffuse ISM models. By analyzing synthetic radiation field of
carbon lines of [\ion{C}{2}] 158 m, [\ion{C}{1}] (809 GHz),
(492 GHz), and CO rotational transitions, we found a high ratio
between the lines of high- and low-excitation energies in the diffuse
multi-phase interstellar medium. This shows that simultaneous observations of
the lines of warm- and cold-gas tracers will be useful in examining the thermal
structure, and hence the origin of diffuse interstellar clouds.Comment: 16 pages, 10 figures : accepted for publication in ApJ. PDF version
with high resolution figures is available
(http://yso.mtk.nao.ac.jp/~ymasako/paper/ms_hires.pdf
The pressure distribution in thermally bistable turbulent flows
We present a systematic numerical study of the effect of turbulent velocity
fluctuations on the thermal pressure distribution in thermally bistable flows.
The simulations employ a random turbulent driving generated in Fourier space
rather than star-like heating. The turbulent fluctuations are characterized by
their rms Mach number M and the energy injection wavenumber, k_for. Our results
are consistent with the picture that as either of these parameters is
increased, the local ratio of turbulent crossing time to cooling time
decreases, causing transient structures in which the effective behavior is
intermediate between the thermal-equilibrium and adiabatic regimes. As a
result, the effective polytropic exponent gamma_ef ranges between ~0.2 to ~1.1.
The fraction of high-density zones with P>10^4 Kcm^-3 increases from roughly
0.1% at k_for=2 and M=0.5 to roughly 70% for k_for=16 and M=1.25. A preliminary
comparison with the pressure measurements of Jenkins (2004) favors our case
with M=0.5 and k_for=2. In all cases, the dynamic range of the pressure summed
over the entire density range, typically spans 3-4 orders of magnitude. The
total pressure histogram widens as the Mach number is increased, and develops
near-power-law tails at high (resp.low) pressures when gamma_ef<~ 0.5 (resp.
gamma_ef>~ 1), which occurs at k_for=2 (resp.k_for=16) in our simulations. The
opposite side of the pressure histogram decays rapidly, in an approx. lognormal
form. Our results show that turbulent advection alone can generate large
pressure scatters, with power-law high-P tails for large-scale driving, and
provide validation for approaches attempting to derive the shape of the
pressure histogram through a change of variable from the known form of the
density histogram, such as that performed by MacLow et al.(2004).Comment: to be published in Ap
H2 distribution during 2-phase Molecular Cloud Formation
We performed high-resolution, 3D MHD simulations and we compared to
observations of translucent molecular clouds. We show that the observed
populations of rotational levels of H2 can arise as a consequence of the
multi-phase structure of the ISM.Comment: 2 pages, 1 figure. Due to appear in the proceedings of the 6th
Zermatt ISM Symposium: "Conditions and Impact of Star Formation: From Lab to
Space
Protostars: Forges of cosmic rays?
Galactic cosmic rays (CR) are particles presumably accelerated in supernova
remnant shocks that propagate in the interstellar medium up to the densest
parts of molecular clouds, losing energy and their ionisation efficiency
because of the presence of magnetic fields and collisions with molecular
hydrogen. Recent observations hint at high levels of ionisation and at the
presence of synchrotron emission in protostellar systems, which leads to an
apparent contradiction. We want to explain the origin of these CRs accelerated
within young protostars as suggested by observations. Our modelling consists of
a set of conditions that has to be satisfied in order to have an efficient CR
acceleration through diffusive shock acceleration. We analyse three main
acceleration sites, then we follow the propagation of these particles through
the protostellar system up to the hot spot region. We find that jet shocks can
be strong accelerators of CR protons, which can be boosted up to relativistic
energies. Other promising acceleration sites are protostellar surfaces, where
shocks caused by impacting material during the collapse phase are strong enough
to accelerate CR protons. In contrast, accretion flow shocks are too weak to
efficiently accelerate CRs. Though CR electrons are weakly accelerated, they
can gain a strong boost to relativistic energies through re-acceleration in
successive shocks. We suggest a mechanism able to accelerate both CR protons
and electrons through the diffusive shock acceleration mechanism, which can be
used to explain the high ionisation rate and the synchrotron emission observed
towards protostellar sources. The existence of an internal source of energetic
particles can have a strong and unforeseen impact on the ionisation of the
protostellar disc, on the star and planet formation processes, and on the
formation of pre-biotic molecules.Comment: 22 pages, 15 figures, accepted by Astronomy and Astrophysic
Protostellar disk formation and transport of angular momentum during magnetized core collapse
Theoretical studies of collapsing clouds have found that even a relatively
weak magnetic field (B) may prevent the formation of disks and their
fragmentation. However, most previous studies have been limited to cases where
B and the rotation axis of the cloud are aligned. We study the transport of
angular momentum, and its effects on disk formation, for non-aligned initial
configurations and a range magnetic intensities. We perform 3D AMR MHD
simulations of magnetically supercritical collapsing dense cores using the code
Ramses. We compute the contributions of the processes transporting angular
momentum (J), in the envelope and the region of the disk. We clearly define
what could be defined as centrifugally supported disks and study their
properties. At variance with earlier analyses, we show that the transport of J
acts less efficiently in collapsing cores with non-aligned rotation axis and B.
Analytically, this result can be understood by taking into account the bending
of field lines occurring during the gravitational collapse. For the transport
of J, we conclude that magnetic braking in the mean direction of B tends to
dominate over both the gravitational and outflow transport of J. We find that
massive disks, containing at least 10% of the initial core mass, can form
during the earliest stages of star formation even for mass-to-flux ratios as
small as 3 to 5 times the critical value. At higher field intensities, the
early formation of massive disks is prevented. Given the ubiquity of Class I
disks, and because the early formation of massive disks can take place at
moderate magnetic intensities, we speculate that for stronger fields, disks
will form later, when most of the envelope will have been accreted. In
addition, we speculate that some observed early massive disks may actually be
outflow cavities, mistaken for disks by projection effects. (Abridged version
of the abstract.)Comment: 23 pages, 23 figures, to be published in A&
Two-dimensional AMR simulations of colliding flows
Colliding flows are a commonly used scenario for the formation of molecular
clouds in numerical simulations. Due to the thermal instability of the warm
neutral medium, turbulence is produced by cooling. We carry out a
two-dimensional numerical study of such colliding flows in order to test
whether statistical properties inferred from adaptive mesh refinement (AMR)
simulations are robust with respect to the applied refinement criteria. We
compare probability density functions of various quantities as well as the
clump statistics and fractal dimension of the density fields in AMR simulations
to a static-grid simulation. The static grid with 2048^2 cells matches the
resolution of the most refined subgrids in the AMR simulations. The density
statistics is reproduced fairly well by AMR. Refinement criteria based on the
cooling time or the turbulence intensity appear to be superior to the standard
technique of refinement by overdensity. Nevertheless, substantial differences
in the flow structure become apparent. In general, it is difficult to separate
numerical effects from genuine physical processes in AMR simulations.Comment: 6 pages, 6 figures, submitted to A&
Disc formation in turbulent cloud cores: Circumventing the magnetic braking catastrophe
We present collapse simulations of strongly magnetised, 100 M_sun, turbulent
cloud cores. Around the protostars formed during the collapse Keplerian discs
with typical sizes of up to 100 AU build up in contrast to previous simulations
neglecting turbulence. Analysing the condensations in which the discs form, we
show that the magnetic flux loss is not sufficient to explain the build-up of
Keplerian discs. The average magnetic field is strongly inclined to the disc
which might reduce the magnetic braking efficiency. However, the main reason
for the reduced magnetic braking efficiency is the highly disordered magnetic
field in the surroundings of the discs. Furthermore, due to the lack of a
coherently rotating structure in the turbulent environment of the disc no
toroidal magnetic field necessary for angular momentum extraction can build up.
Simultaneously the angular momentum inflow remains high due to local shear
flows created by the turbulent motions. We suggest that the "magnetic braking
catastrophe" is an artefact of the idealised non-turbulent initial conditions
and that turbulence provides a natural mechanism to circumvent this problem.Comment: 4 pages, 2 figures. To appear in the proceedings of 'The Labyrinth of
Star Formation' (18-22 June 2012, Chania, Greece), published by Springe
Collapse, outflows and fragmentation of massive, turbulent and magnetized prestellar barotropic cores
Stars and more particularly massive stars, have a drastic impact on galaxy
evolution. Yet the conditions in which they form and collapse are still not
fully understood. In particular, the influence of the magnetic field on the
collapse of massive clumps is relatively unexplored, it is thus of great
relevance in the context of the formation of massive stars to investigate its
impact. We perform high resolution, MHD simulations of the collapse of hundred
solar masses, turbulent and magnetized clouds, using the adaptive mesh
refinement code RAMSES. We compute various quantities such as mass
distribution, magnetic field and angular momentum within the collapsing core
and study the episodic outflows and the fragmentation that occurs during the
collapse. The magnetic field has a drastic impact on the cloud evolution. We
find that magnetic braking is able to substantially reduce the angular momentum
in the inner part of the collapsing cloud. Fast and episodic outflows are being
launched with typical velocities of the order of 3-5 km s although the
highest velocities can be as high as 30-40 km s. The fragmentation in
several objects, is reduced in substantially magnetized clouds with respect to
hydrodynamical ones by a factor of the order of 1.5-2. We conclude that
magnetic fields have a significant impact on the evolution of massive clumps.
In combination with radiation, magnetic fields largely determine the outcome of
massive core collapse. We stress that numerical convergence of MHD collapse is
a challenging issue. In particular, numerical diffusion appears to be important
at high density therefore possibly leading to an over-estimation of the number
of fragments.Comment: accepted for publication in A&
Cosmic-ray ionisation in collapsing clouds
International audienceContext. Cosmic rays play an important role in dense molecular cores, affecting their thermal and dynamical evolution and initiating the chemistry. Several studies have shown that the formation of protostellar discs in collapsing clouds is severely hampered by the braking torque exerted by the entrained magnetic field on the infalling gas, as long as the field remains frozen to the gas.Aims. In this paper we examine the possibility that the concentration and twisting of the field lines in the inner region of collapse can produce a significant reduction of the ionisation fraction.Methods. To check whether the cosmic-ray ionisation rate can fall below the critical value required to maintain good coupling, we first study the propagation of cosmic rays in a model of a static magnetised cloud varying the relative strength of the toroidal/poloidal components and the mass-to-flux ratio. We then follow the path of cosmic rays using realistic magnetic field configurations generated by numerical simulations of a rotating collapsing core with different initial conditions.Results. We find that an increment of the toroidal component of the magnetic field, or, in general, a more twisted configuration of the field lines, results in a decrease in the cosmic-ray flux. This is mainly due to the magnetic mirroring effect that is stronger where larger variations in the field direction are present. In particular, we find a decrease of the cosmic-ray ionisation rate below 10-18 s-1 in the central 300â400 AU, where density is higher than about 109 cm-3. This very low value of the ionisation rate is attained in the cases of intermediate and low magnetisation (mass-to-flux ratio λ = 5 and 17, respectively) and for toroidal fields larger than about 40% of the total field.Conclusions. Magnetic field effects can significantly reduce the ionisation fraction in collapsing clouds. We provide a handy fitting formula to compute approximately the attenuation of the cosmic-ray ionisation rate in a molecular cloud as a function of the density and the magnetic configuration
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