37,060 research outputs found
Inverse boundary-layer technique for airfoil design
A description is presented of a technique for the optimization of airfoil pressure distributions using an interactive inverse boundary-layer program. This program allows the user to determine quickly a near-optimum subsonic pressure distribution which meets his requirements for lift, drag, and pitching moment at the desired flow conditions. The method employs an inverse turbulent boundary-layer scheme for definition of the turbulent recovery portion of the pressure distribution. Two levels of pressure-distribution architecture are used - a simple roof top for preliminary studies and a more complex four-region architecture for a more refined design. A technique is employed to avoid the specification of pressure distributions which result in unrealistic airfoils, that is, those with negative thickness. The program allows rapid evaluation of a designed pressure distribution off-design in Reynolds number, transition location, and angle of attack, and will compute an airfoil contour for the designed pressure distribution using linear theory
Low-speed single-element airfoil synthesis
The use of recently developed airfoil analysis/design computational tools to clarify, enrich and extend the existing experimental data base on low-speed, single element airfoils is demonstrated. A discussion of the problem of tailoring an airfoil for a specific application at its appropriate Reynolds number is presented. This problem is approached by use of inverse (or synthesis) techniques, wherein a desirable set of boundary layer characteristics, performance objectives, and constraints are specified, which then leads to derivation of a corresponding viscous flow pressure distribution. Examples are presented which demonstrate the synthesis approach, following presentation of some historical information and background data which motivate the basic synthesis process
On Quantum Algorithms
Quantum computers use the quantum interference of different computational
paths to enhance correct outcomes and suppress erroneous outcomes of
computations. In effect, they follow the same logical paradigm as
(multi-particle) interferometers. We show how most known quantum algorithms,
including quantum algorithms for factorising and counting, may be cast in this
manner. Quantum searching is described as inducing a desired relative phase
between two eigenvectors to yield constructive interference on the sought
elements and destructive interference on the remaining terms.Comment: 15 pages, 8 figure
Influence of anisotropic ion shape, asymmetric valency, and electrolyte concentration on structural and thermodynamic properties of an electric double layer
Grand canonical Monte Carlo simulation results are reported for an electric
double layer modelled by a planar charged hard wall, anisotropic shape cations,
and spherical anions at different electrolyte concentrations and asymmetric
valencies. The cations consist of two tangentially tethered hard spheres of the
same diameter, . One sphere is charged while the other is neutral. Spherical
anions are charged hard spheres of diameter . The ion valency asymmetry 1:2
and 2:1 is considered, with the ions being immersed in a solvent mimicked by a
continuum dielectric medium at standard temperature. The simulations are
carried out for the following electrolyte concentrations: 0.1, 1.0 and 2.0 M.
Profiles of the electrode-ion, electrode-neutral sphere singlet distributions,
the average orientation of dimers, and the mean electrostatic potential are
calculated for a given electrode surface charge, , while the contact
electrode potential and the differential capacitance are presented for varying
electrode charge. With an increasing electrolyte concentration, the shape of
differential capacitance curve changes from that with a minimum surrounded by
maxima into that of a distorted single maximum. For a 2:1 electrolyte, the
maximum is located at a small negative value while for 1:2, at a small
positive value.Comment: 10 pages, 6 figure
Struggling to a monumental triumph : Re-assessing the final stages of the smallpox eradication program in India, 1960-1980
The global smallpox program is generally presented as the brainchild of a handful of actors from the WHO headquarters in Geneva and at the agency's regional offices. This article attempts to present a more complex description of the drive to eradicate smallpox. Based on the example of India, a major focus of the campaign, it is argued that historians and public health officials should recognize the varying roles played by a much wider range of participants. Highlighting the significance of both Indian and international field officials, the author shows how bureaucrats and politicians at different levels of administration and society managed to strengthen—yet sometimes weaken—important program components. Centrally dictated strategies developed at WHO offices in Geneva and New Delhi, often in association with Indian federal authorities, were reinterpreted by many actors and sometimes changed beyond recognition
Double layer for hard spheres with an off-center charge
Simulations for the density and potential profiles of the ions in the planar
electrical double layer of a model electrolyte or an ionic liquid are reported.
The ions of a real electrolyte or an ionic liquid are usually not spheres; in
ionic liquids, the cations are molecular ions. In the past, this asymmetry has
been modelled by considering spheres that are asymmetric in size and/or valence
(viz., the primitive model) or by dimer cations that are formed by tangentially
touching spheres. In this paper we consider spherical ions that are asymmetric
in size and mimic the asymmetrical shape through an off-center charge that is
located away from the center of the cation spheres, while the anion charge is
at the center of anion spheres. The various singlet density and potential
profiles are compared to (i) the dimer situation, that is, the constituent
spheres of the dimer cation are tangentially tethered, and (ii) the standard
primitive model. The results reveal the double layer structure to be
substantially impacted especially when the cation is the counterion. As well as
being of intrinsic interest, this off-center charge model may be useful for
theories that consider spherical models and introduce the off-center charge as
a perturbation.Comment: 11 pages, 7 figure
High lift selected concepts
The benefits to high lift system maximum life and, alternatively, to high lift system complexity, of applying analytic design and analysis techniques to the design of high lift sections for flight conditions were determined and two high lift sections were designed to flight conditions. The influence of the high lift section on the sizing and economics of a specific energy efficient transport (EET) was clarified using a computerized sizing technique and an existing advanced airplane design data base. The impact of the best design resulting from the design applications studies on EET sizing and economics were evaluated. Flap technology trade studies, climb and descent studies, and augmented stability studies are included along with a description of the baseline high lift system geometry, a calculation of lift and pitching moment when separation is present, and an inverse boundary layer technique for pressure distribution synthesis and optimization
An extended model of the quantum free-electron laser
Previous models of the quantum regime of operation of the Free Electron Laser
(QFEL) have performed an averaging and the application of periodic boundary
conditions to the coupled Maxwell - Schrodinger equations over short, resonant
wavelength intervals of the interaction. Here, an extended, one-dimensional
model of the QFEL interaction is presented in the absence of any such averaging
or application of periodic boundary conditions, the absence of the latter
allowing electron diffusion processes to be modeled throughout the pulse. The
model is used to investigate how both the steady-state (CW) and pulsed regimes
of QFEL operation are affected. In the steady-state regime it is found that the
electrons are confined to evolve as a 2-level system, similar to the previous
QFEL models. In the pulsed regime Coherent Spontaneous Emission (CSE) due to
the shape of the electron pulse current distribution is shown to be present in
the QFEL regime for the first time. However, unlike the classical case, CSE in
the QFEL is damped by the effects of quantum diffusion of the electron
wavefunction. Electron recoil from the QFEL interaction can also cause a
diffusive drift between the recoiled and non-recoiled parts of the electron
pulse wavefunction, effectively removing the recoiled part from the primary
electron-radiation interaction.Comment: Submitted to Optics Expres
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