Cloudiness in the Willamette Valley of Oregon

Temporal and spatial patterns of daytime cloudiness in the Willamette Valley of Oregon were studied by utilizing monthly and daily sky cover data published by the U. S. Weather Bureau for the Portland, Salem, and Eugene stations. The 15-year period, 1949 through 1963, was selected as the maximum reliable period length common to all three stations for accurate comparisons, for in the latter 1940's hourly observations of the number of tenths of the sky field of view obscurred by cloud cover for the time between sunrise and sunset were initiated. The measures of cloudiness used in this study, each of which is based on sky cover in tenths, include: 1. Percent sky cover. 2. Clear and cloudy days (0-5 and 6-10 tenths). 3. Cloudless and overcast days (0 and 10 tenths). 4. Clear, partly cloudy, and cloudy days (0-3, 4-7, and 8-10 tenths, respectively). The average annual and monthly sky cover in tenths and the number of clear, partly cloudy, and cloudy days can be ascertained directly from Weather Bureau data sources. The principal objectives of this study, however, include the comparison of cloudiness among stations and data presentation which affords a more revealing image of the character of cloudiness. To achieve the latter, variation, persistence, and a range of temporal frameworks were employed as well as the liberal use of graphs and tables. The Willamette Valley averages nearly 70 percent sky cover annually, and only July, August and September average less than 60 percent sky cover. During most months the three stations compare closely in the amount of cloudiness. In July and August, however, Portland averages ten percent more cloudiness than Eugene, and Salem has intermediate cloudiness characteristics. Although overall annual cloudiness in the Willamette Valley may fluctuate as much as 15 percent between extremes, the three stations tend to be affected by the same cloudiness patterns for a given year. The winter half of the year, which is characteristically quite cloudy, shows the least variation in cloudiness, but the late spring and summer show monthly ranges between extremes approaching 50 percent sky cover. The duration of periods of specified amounts of cloudiness indicates frequent changes in the amount of cloudiness, although exceptionally long periods of cloudy weather in winter have occurred. The three stations experience the same periods of cloudiness throughout the year. Contrasts in the persistence of cloudiness among stations, however, are primarily reflected in the summer when Eugene has somewhat longer lasting periods of clear weather than Portland. Partial cloudiness tends to be a transitional rather than persistent cloudiness characteristic, for, despite the overall considerable cloudiness in the Willamette Valley, most clear (0-5 tenths) days that do occur tend to be cloudless or have only scattered cloudiness

Concept 3

Concept III, the publication of Syracuse University School of Architecture of 1964, is devoted to the subject which occupies most of the time and hopefully much of the thought of its students: architectural education

Quantifying progression and regression across the spectrum of pulmonary tuberculosis: a data synthesis study

BACKGROUND: Prevalence surveys show a substantial burden of subclinical (asymptomatic but infectious) tuberculosis, from which individuals can progress, regress, or even persist in a chronic disease state. We aimed to quantify these pathways across the spectrum of tuberculosis disease. METHODS: We created a deterministic framework of untreated tuberculosis disease with progression and regression between three states of pulmonary tuberculosis disease: minimal (non-infectious), subclinical (asymptomatic but infectious), and clinical (symptomatic and infectious). We obtained data from a previous systematic review of prospective and retrospective studies that followed and recorded the disease state of individuals with tuberculosis in a cohort without treatment. These data were considered in a Bayesian framework, enabling quantitative estimation of tuberculosis disease pathways with rates of transition between states and 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs). FINDINGS: We included 22 studies with data from 5942 individuals in our analysis. Our model showed that after 5 years, 40% (95% UI 31·3-48·0) of individuals with prevalent subclinical disease at baseline recover and 18% (13·3-24·0) die from tuberculosis, with 14% (9·9-19·2) still having infectious disease, and the remainder with minimal disease at risk of re-progression. Over 5 years, 50% (40·0-59·1) of individuals with subclinical disease at baseline never develop symptoms. For those with clinical disease at baseline, 46% (38·3-52·2) die and 20% (15·2-25·8) recover from tuberculosis, with the remainder being in or transitioning between the three disease states after 5 years. We estimated the 10-year mortality of people with untreated prevalent infectious tuberculosis to be 37% (30·5-45·4). INTERPRETATION: For people with subclinical tuberculosis, classic clinical disease is neither an inevitable nor an irreversible outcome. As such, reliance on symptom-based screening means a large proportion of people with infectious disease might never be detected. FUNDING: TB Modelling and Analysis Consortium and European Research Council

Assessing the role of large herbivores in the structuring and functioning of freshwater and marine angiosperm ecosystems

2 figuras, 3 tablasWhile large herbivores can have strong impacts on terrestrial ecosystems, much less is known of their role in aquatic systems. We reviewed the literature to determine: (1) which large herbivores (>10 kg) have a (semi-)aquatic lifestyle and are important consumers of submerged vascular plants, (2) their impact on submerged plant abundance and species composition and (3) their ecosystem functions. We grouped herbivores according to diet, habitat selection and movement ecology: (1) Fully aquatic species, either resident or migratory (manatees, dugongs, turtles), (2) Semi-aquatic species that live both in water and on land, either resident or migratory (swans), (3) Resident semi-aquatic species that live in water and forage mainly on land (hippopotamuses, beavers, capybara), (4) Resident terrestrial species with relatively large home ranges that frequent aquatic habitats (cervids, water buffalo, lowland tapir). Fully aquatic species and swans have the strongest impact on submerged plant abundance and species composition. They may maintain grazing lawns. Because they sometimes target belowground parts, their activity can result in local collapse of plant beds. Semi-aquatic species and turtles serve as important aquatic-terrestrial linkages, by transporting nutrients across ecosystem boundaries. Hippopotamuses and beavers are important geomorphological engineers, capable of altering the land and hydrology at landscape scales. Migratory species and terrestrial species with large home ranges are potentially important dispersal vectors of plant propagules and nutrients. Clearly, large aquatic herbivores have strong impacts on associated species and can be critical ecosystem engineers of aquatic systems, with the ability to modify direct and indirect functional pathways in ecosystems. While global populations of large aquatic herbivores are declining, some show remarkable local recoveries with dramatic consequences for the systems they inhabit. A better understanding of these functional roles will help set priorities for the effective management of large aquatic herbivores along with the plant habitats they rely on.This research was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (CTM2013-48027-C3-3-R), an Intramural Project from the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC, 201330E062) and the Pew Marine Fellowship.Peer reviewe

Nationalism and anti-Cosmopolitanism in Russian Radical Right and Soviet Ideology

Grüner F. Nationalism and anti-Cosmopolitanism in Russian Radical Right and Soviet Ideology. In: Lachenicht S, Heinsohn K, eds. Diaspora Identities. Exile, Nationalism and Cosmopolitanism in Past and Present. Frankfurt a.M.: Campus; 2009: 93-108