The importance of claudin-7 palmitoylation on membrane subdomain localization and metastasis-promoting activities

Background: Claudin-7 (cld7), a tight junction (TJ) component, is also found basolaterally and in the cytoplasm. Basolaterally located cld7 is enriched in glycolipid-enriched membrane domains (GEM), where it associates with EpCAM (EpC). The conditions driving cld7 out of TJ into GEM, which is associated with a striking change in function, were not defined. Thus, we asked whether cld7 serines or palmitoylation affect cld7 location and protein, particularly EpCAM, associations. Results: HEK cells were transfected with EpCAM and wild type cld7 or cld7, where serine phopsphorylation or the palmitoylation sites (AA184, AA186) (cld7mPalm) were mutated. Exchange of individual serine phosphorylation sites did not significantly affect the GEM localization and the EpCAM association. Instead, cld7mPalm was poorly recruited into GEM. This has consequences on migration and invasiveness as palmitoylated cld7 facilitates integrin and EpCAM recruitment, associates with cytoskeletal linker proteins and cooperates with MMP14, CD147 and TACE, which support motility, matrix degradation and EpCAM cleavage. On the other hand, only cld7mPalm associates with TJ proteins. Conclusion: Cld7 palmitoylation prohibits TJ integration and fosters GEM recruitment. Via associated molecules, palmitoylated cld7 supports motility and invasion

Der Einfluss der Palmitoylierung von Claudin-7 auf die Lokalisation in Membranmikrodomänen und metastasierungsfördernde Eigenschaften

Die Palmitoylierung von Claudin-7 rekrutiert das Protein selbst sowie Claudin-7-assoziierte Moleküle in die glycolipidreichen Membranmikrodomänen und hemmt eine Integration in Tight Junctions. Mithilfe von Molekülen, die mit palmitoyliertem Claudin-7 interagieren, wird die Motilität und Invasivität gefördert. Dies resultiert in vivo in einer gesteigerten Metastasierungsfähigkeit

Habitat utilization of herring larvae in an inshore retention area in the Western Baltic Sea

Many commercial pelagic fishes such as Atlantic herring run through a life cycle which is tightly bound to the offshore pelagic zones. Their population dynamics are therefore mainly driven by large scale hydrography or climate conditions and studies on early life-stages are usually focused on outer shelf bank spawning grounds and adjacent areas. However, larval herring of East-Atlantic sub-populations spawned within estuarine inshore systems develop in a quite different suite of environmental conditions than their shelf-spawned conspecifics in the neighboring North Sea. Hypothesizing that herring larvae in shallow brackish lagoons utilize different estuarine habitats along their early ontogenesis we sampled ichthyoplankton at distinct pelagic and littoral sites within a major spawning area of the Western Baltic herring. Additionally, we analyzed the vertical distribution of herring larvae which is generally assumed to reflect the well mixed condition of shallow waters in the lagoon. Samples in the littoral zone unexpectedly contained comparably high numbers of herring larvae as samples taken at the pelagic sites. Furthermore we observed high abundances of older flexion larvae in very shallow areas (<1m) close to the shore line. Despite a well-mixed water column, herring larvae showed a distinct vertical distribution indicating an active depth selection potentially influencing the drift potential along the current regimes. Our study underlines the importance of shallow littoral zones for the reproduction success of pelagic key stone species. Future discussions on management and protection demands should take into account the significant function of these habitats for larval fish

Praying in a Secularized Society: An Empirical Study of Praying Practices and Varieties

Social scientific studies from the secular Netherlands has pointed out that religious rituals such as praying are still widely present. This study examines the content of the praying practices of the Dutch and distinguishes varieties of prayer by analyzing answers to open-ended questions of a representative Dutch survey .N D 1; 008/: It is concluded, first, that a majority of the Dutch prays. Second, four varieties of prayer are distinguished: petitionary, religious, meditative, and impulsive prayer. Comparing these varieties with types of prayer found in other empirical studies, it emerges that the petitionary and religious prayer are similar to classical prayers found in other studies from less secularized countries, whereas the meditative and impulsive prayers are fundamentally different from other prayer types and can be considered as examples of a praying practice in a secularized society.

Praying as a universalising variable

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Impact of 12 hour shift patterns in nursing : a scoping review

OBJECTIVES: To provide a comprehensive scoping review of evidence of the impact and effectiveness of 12h shifts in the international nursing literature, supplemented by a review of evidence in other, non-nursing related industries. DATA SOURCES: A search of the academic literature was undertaken in electronic databases (AMED, MEDLINE, CINAHL, PsychInfo, Scopus, HMIC, the Cochrane Library, Business Source Premier, Econ Lit, ASSIA and Social Policy and Practice). REVIEW METHODS: A total of 158 potentially relevant nursing research papers and reviews were published between 1973 and 2014. Two reviewers independently reviewed the articles, leaving 85 primary research studies and 10 review papers in the nursing field to be included in the scoping review. Thirty-one relevant primary research papers and reviews were also identified in the non-nursing related industries literature. RESULTS: Research into 12h nursing shifts fell within five broad themes: 'risks to patients', 'patient experience', 'risks to staff', 'staff experience' and 'impact on the organisation of work'. There was inconclusive evidence of the effects of 12h shift patterns in all five themes, with some studies demonstrating positive impacts and others negative or no impacts. This also mirrors the evidence in other, non-nursing related industries. The quality of research reviewed is generally weak and most studies focus on the risks, experience and work/life balance for staff, with few addressing the impact on patient outcomes and experience of care or work productivity. CONCLUSIONS: There is insufficient evidence to justify the widespread implementation or withdrawal of 12h shifts in nursing. It is not clearly understood where there are real benefits and where there are real and unacceptable risks to patients and staff. More research focusing on the impact of 12h nursing shifts on patient safety and experience of care and on the long term impact on staff and work organisation is required