The Effect of Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy on Serum Iron Level

Background: Sleeve gastrectomy surgery is effective in limiting food intake and sometimes unknown and hormonal causes in weight loss. After the bariatric surgery, patients may be exposed to nutritional deficiencies, especially iron deficiency. Regarding the importance of iron in body metabolism, this study aimed to investigate the effect of Sleeve Gastrectomy surgery on the level of serum iron deficiency anemia. Methods: This cross-sectional study of 218 patients who underwent sleeve gastrectomy surgery for obesity from April 2017 to July 2018 in Shiraz Ghadir Mother & Child Hospital, which were studied in a quarterly period. The indications of the surgery were having BMI> 40 or between 35 and 39.9, which were associated with an co morbid disease. Serum levels of hemoglobin, iron, and ferritin before and three months after the surgery were evaluated. Results: The mean±SD of serum iron level in women ranged from 68.8±1.91 to 65.9±2.7 and in mean±SD from 74.6±5.32 to 71.7±2.8, and the mean serum ferritin level in women was from 56.1±5.5 to 43.2±6.1, and in males, from 61.9±9.7 to 47.3±8.2, and the mean±SD of serum hemoglobin level in both women and men was from 11.8±0.13 to 12.7±0.09 to 10.7±0.12 to 11.7±0.08 and from 12.7±0.09 to 11.8±0.13 to 11.7±0.08 to 10.7±0.12, respectively. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that due to the reduction of the level of iron, after the sleeve gastrectomy surgery, the iron level of the patients should be regularly checked in order to be able to administer adequate supplements and to adjust the diet which is rich in iron to prevent anemia and its effects

The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010-19 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background Understanding the magnitude of cancer burden attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors is crucial for development of effective prevention and mitigation strategies. We analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 to inform cancer control planning efforts globally. Methods The GBD 2019 comparative risk assessment framework was used to estimate cancer burden attributable to behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risk factors. A total of 82 risk-outcome pairs were included on the basis of the World Cancer Research Fund criteria. Estimated cancer deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in 2019 and change in these measures between 2010 and 2019 are presented. Findings Globally, in 2019, the risk factors included in this analysis accounted for 4.45 million (95% uncertainty interval 4.01-4.94) deaths and 105 million (95.0-116) DALYs for both sexes combined, representing 44.4% (41.3-48.4) of all cancer deaths and 42.0% (39.1-45.6) of all DALYs. There were 2.88 million (2.60-3.18) risk-attributable cancer deaths in males (50.6% [47.8-54.1] of all male cancer deaths) and 1.58 million (1.36-1.84) risk-attributable cancer deaths in females (36.3% [32.5-41.3] of all female cancer deaths). The leading risk factors at the most detailed level globally for risk-attributable cancer deaths and DALYs in 2019 for both sexes combined were smoking, followed by alcohol use and high BMI. Risk-attributable cancer burden varied by world region and Socio-demographic Index (SDI), with smoking, unsafe sex, and alcohol use being the three leading risk factors for risk-attributable cancer DALYs in low SDI locations in 2019, whereas DALYs in high SDI locations mirrored the top three global risk factor rankings. From 2010 to 2019, global risk-attributable cancer deaths increased by 20.4% (12.6-28.4) and DALYs by 16.8% (8.8-25.0), with the greatest percentage increase in metabolic risks (34.7% [27.9-42.8] and 33.3% [25.8-42.0]). Interpretation The leading risk factors contributing to global cancer burden in 2019 were behavioural, whereas metabolic risk factors saw the largest increases between 2010 and 2019. Reducing exposure to these modifiable risk factors would decrease cancer mortality and DALY rates worldwide, and policies should be tailored appropriately to local cancer risk factor burden. Copyright (C) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.Peer reviewe

The global burden of adolescent and young adult cancer in 2019 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background In estimating the global burden of cancer, adolescents and young adults with cancer are often overlooked, despite being a distinct subgroup with unique epidemiology, clinical care needs, and societal impact. Comprehensive estimates of the global cancer burden in adolescents and young adults (aged 15-39 years) are lacking. To address this gap, we analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019, with a focus on the outcome of disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), to inform global cancer control measures in adolescents and young adults. Methods Using the GBD 2019 methodology, international mortality data were collected from vital registration systems, verbal autopsies, and population-based cancer registry inputs modelled with mortality-to-incidence ratios (MIRs). Incidence was computed with mortality estimates and corresponding MIRs. Prevalence estimates were calculated using modelled survival and multiplied by disability weights to obtain years lived with disability (YLDs). Years of life lost (YLLs) were calculated as age-specific cancer deaths multiplied by the standard life expectancy at the age of death. The main outcome was DALYs (the sum of YLLs and YLDs). Estimates were presented globally and by Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintiles (countries ranked and divided into five equal SDI groups), and all estimates were presented with corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs). For this analysis, we used the age range of 15-39 years to define adolescents and young adults. Findings There were 1.19 million (95% UI 1.11-1.28) incident cancer cases and 396 000 (370 000-425 000) deaths due to cancer among people aged 15-39 years worldwide in 2019. The highest age-standardised incidence rates occurred in high SDI (59.6 [54.5-65.7] per 100 000 person-years) and high-middle SDI countries (53.2 [48.8-57.9] per 100 000 person-years), while the highest age-standardised mortality rates were in low-middle SDI (14.2 [12.9-15.6] per 100 000 person-years) and middle SDI (13.6 [12.6-14.8] per 100 000 person-years) countries. In 2019, adolescent and young adult cancers contributed 23.5 million (21.9-25.2) DALYs to the global burden of disease, of which 2.7% (1.9-3.6) came from YLDs and 97.3% (96.4-98.1) from YLLs. Cancer was the fourth leading cause of death and tenth leading cause of DALYs in adolescents and young adults globally. Interpretation Adolescent and young adult cancers contributed substantially to the overall adolescent and young adult disease burden globally in 2019. These results provide new insights into the distribution and magnitude of the adolescent and young adult cancer burden around the world. With notable differences observed across SDI settings, these estimates can inform global and country-level cancer control efforts. Copyright (C) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.Peer reviewe

Studies on encapsulation of pelletized biomass

Hygroscopicity and dust generation are among major challenges to the safe and cost effective use of wood pellets. Wood pellets can rot and disintegrate during storage due to the moisture adsorption from humid environment. In British Columbia, pellets are transported by rail from inland manufacturing plants to a shipping port and stored in silos. At the ports, pellets are loaded from the silo on to the ocean vessel for transport to overseas. Loading is stopped during rain because wood pellets disintegrate when they come into contact with water. The lost revenue from loading shutdown during rain can be large. Furthermore, breakage of wood pellets during handling and storage causes dustiness. Dust and fines may cause adverse health effect, fire, and explosion in storage and silos. Encapsulation of wood pellets with a hydrophobic membrane or surface modification can be a good way to increase water repellent capacity of wood pellets, and avoid dust generation. In this research, commercial wood pellets were coated with a wax solution, linseed oil, cellulose acetate, canola oil, etc. The treated pellets were either dipped in water or exposed to humid environment. The results showed that the investigated liquid coatings increased the durability of wood pellets in water. However, the tested liquid coatings did not decrease water vapor adsorption of pellets significantly. Surface treatments with O₂ etching and CF₄ plasma were applied to render wood pellets hydrophobic. It was demonstrated that CF₄ plasma treatment increased water repellency of wood pellets while O₂ etching without CF₄ deposition step made pellets more hydrophilic. Surface modification with O₂ etching combined with CF₄ deposition created the most hydrophobic surface when pellets were dipped in water. However this combined plasma treatment did not decrease water vapor adsorption from humid environment.Applied Science, Faculty ofChemical and Biological Engineering, Department ofGraduat

Evaluation of two building air cleaning systems at UBC Life Science Building based on environmental impact and cost analyses

To provide fresh and clean air to the Life Science Building at UBC, air filters have been installed in which air gets purified while passing through the filters, with the expenses of electrical energy driving the air fans. To maintain the constant temperature of the building air, cleaned air also passes through a heating coil to be heated or cooled. In the existing bulding air cleaning system, two kinds of filters were used. One is the pre-filter, and the other one is the box filter, which requires to be replaced every three months and every year, respectively. New filters from Nalco company have been considered as a replacement to the existing building air cleaning system. The new filters need to be replaced every 2 years. The previous filter system contains four hundred pre-filters, 24x24x2 Red Excel filters, and 400 box filters, 24x24x12 MVP. In the new system, 400 24x24x2 3M filters are replaced. Switching from the existing filter system to the new one is expected to reduce the costs, including the cost associated with the electrical energy required to force the air through the filters, waste disposal cost and the labor cost for the filter replacement. To quantify the advantage of the proposed new filter system over the existing system, we conducted an environmental impact assessment of the existing and proposed filter systems including pre-filters, box filters and the new filters (3M filters) in the Life science building of the University of British Columbia. Furthermore, a cost analysis was carried out to investigate whether it was economical to replace the existing filter system with the new filter system.Applied Science, Faculty ofChemical and Biological Engineering, Department ofUnreviewedGraduat

Discovery of high antibacterial and antitumor effects against multi-drug resistant clinically isolated bacteria and MCF-7 and AGS cell lines by biosynthesized silver nanoparticles using Oxalis corniculata extract

The green technique is a unique way to produce functional nanoparticles. We examined the green synthesis of Ag nanoparticles (O-AgNPs) by the extract of Oxalis corniculata. Green-synthesized O-AgNPs were accomplished by monitoring critical factors such as concentration, pH, reaction time, and temperature. Several analytical techniques, including scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, and UV-Vis spectroscopy, were applied to characterize O-AgNPs. The SEM analysis showed O-AgNPs with a spherical shape and an average size of 33.57 nm. The XRD pattern indicated the face-centered cubic (fcc) structure of the prepared O-AgNPs. The anticancer activity of the synthesized O-AgNPs was investigated in MCF-7 (breast) and AGS (gastric) cell lines, indicating high anticancer effects against selected cell lines. The growth of all selected bacteria containing Gram+ and Gram- was inhibited by O-AgNPs. O-AgNPs showed greater inhibition in comparison to conventional antibiotics. As a result, our green synthesized AgNPs using plant extracts exhibited anticancer and antibacterial activities

Green synthesis of gold nanoparticles using Sambucus ebulus fruit extract, characterization, and antileishmanial, antibacterial, antioxidant, and photocatalytic activities

In this study, gold nanoparticles were synthesized using the fruit extract of Sambucus ebulus (S. ebulus) as a reducing, capping, and stabilizing agent. Biogenic synthesis of gold nanoparticles (Au nanoparticles) was accomplished using S. ebulus fruit extract in the presence of hydrogen tetrachloroaurate(III) trihydrate at a temperature of 65 °C and the solution stirred at 400 rpm. The characterization of the synthesized nanoparticles (SE-AuNPs) was performed using different analytical methods, such as scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy dispersion X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), and UV-vis spectroscopy. A strong absorption peak at 565 nm confirmed the formation of the gold nanoparticle. On the basis of the electron microscopy results, AuNPs were mostly spherical with an average size of 116.2 nm. The cubic crystalline structure of the prepared nanoparticles was confirmed using the XRD pattern and the average crystallite size was obtained at 28.471 nm. FT-IR analysis confirmed the presence of functional groups in the plant extract for the synthesis of nanoparticles. SE-AuNPs showed good antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria tested and exhibited potent antileishmanial activity. Furthermore, SE-AuNPs showed excellent antioxidant activity that inhibited DPPH radicals with an IC50 value of 21.976 µg/mL. The prepared AuNPs acted to degrade methyl orange (MO), which was performed in sodium borohydride and visible light

A comparative study of physical education curriculum in Iranian high schools with selected countries (USA, Germany, Australia, Japan)

The purpose of this study was to compare the physical education curriculum of Iranian high schools with some selected countries. The study adopted comparative research design, one of the qualitative methods. The countries of comparison were Japan, USA, Germany and Australia, which were selected via purposive sampling method. The data were collected from libraries, dissertations, databases, educational sites, books and publications. In the data analysis process, upon describing, interpreting and classifying the information, the curricula were compared and contrasted. The results showed that the most important goals of physical education course included promoting health, growth and development of motor skills, creating an active lifestyle. The most important contents of the physical education course were individual and social skills training, knowledge topics and sports training. Also, physical fitness tests, sports skills tests, written and oral tests and research projects were the most common evaluation methods. The sports equipment of the selected countries was standard and differed from that of Iran in terms of the number and the quality

A comparative study of physical education curriculum in Iranian high schools with selected countries (USA, Germany, Australia, Japan)

The purpose of this study was to compare the physical education curriculum of Iranian high schools with some selected countries. The study adopted comparative research design, one of the qualitative methods. The countries of comparison were Japan, USA, Germany and Australia, which were selected via purposive sampling method. The data were collected from libraries, dissertations, databases, educational sites, books and publications. In the data analysis process, upon describing, interpreting and classifying the information, the curricula were compared and contrasted. The results showed that the most important goals of physical education course included promoting health, growth and development of motor skills, creating an active lifestyle. The most important contents of the physical education course were individual and social skills training, knowledge topics and sports training. Also, physical fitness tests, sports skills tests, written and oral tests and research projects were the most common evaluation methods. The sports equipment of the selected countries was standard and differed from that of Iran in terms of the number and the quality

Isolation and identification of resistant bacteria from dental clinic and evaluation of biofilm formation by them

Background and Aim: Surface bacterial contamination has been shown to be a potential source of cross-infection. The aim of this study was to identify resistant bacterial isolates in the dental clinic before and after disinfection and evaluation of biofilm formation by them. Materials and Methods: Sampling was performed at a dental clinic in Isfahan, Iran, on 2014. Samples were obtained by using swab and settle plate method. In the firs method, sterile swabs were used to sample of dental instrument and unit chair surface before and after disinfection, then swabs were transferred to TSB media (60 tubes). In the second method, air monitoring was carried out by settling blood agar and nutrient agar plates at the certain distance from the patient for 1 hour (24 plates). Then these samples incubated aerobically for 2 days at 37°C. Isolates were identified to species level with morphological and biochemical features and 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing. In addition, the strength of biofilm formation by isolates was measured by using microtiter plate method. Results: Most of these isolates were spore-forming Bacillus species and environmental Staphylococcus species. On the basis of the strength of biofilm formation, the most important identified bacteria were Staphylococcus xylosus and Bacillus safensis. Conclusions: Bacteria that are able to form biofilm, can survive after disinfection of dental instruments and can enhance the risk of infection in dental practice by providing a surface for colonization of pathogens