PENGATURAN TANAH GUNTAI DAN HAK KEPEMILIKAN TANAH DI SULAWESI UTARA DAN AKIBAT HUKUMNYA DITINJAU DARI UNDANG-UNDANG NOMOR 5 TAHUN 1960

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk Untuk mengetahui dan memahami bagaimana pengaturan perundang-undangan tentang tanah guntai (absentee) dan untuk mengetahui dan memahami akibat hukum kepemilikkan tanah guntai (absentee). Dengan menggunakan metode penelitian normatif, dapat ditarik kesimpulan yaitu : 1. Pengaturan perundang-undangan tentang tanah guntai sudah cukup baik mengatur larangan kepemilikan tanah pertanian secara guntai. Pengaturan tersebut dimaksudkan agar hasil yang diperoleh dari pengusahaan tanah pertanian sebagian besar dapat dinikmati oleh masyarakat petani yang tinggal di daerah tersebut, bukan dinikmati oleh masyarakat luar yang bukan petanidan tidak tinggal di daerah tersebut yang hanya untuk kepentingan sebagai asset/investasu di kemudian hari. 2. Akibat hukum bagi pemilik tanah secara guntai/absentee dalam perspektif hukum, apabila seseorang ketahuan memiliki kelebihan tanah (absentee) maka tanah tersebut harus dilepaskan dan sanksi yang akan dikenakan jika kewajiban diatas tidak dilaksanakan atau terjadi pelanggaran terhadap sesuai yang diterangkan diatas maka tanah yang bersangkutan akan diambil oleh pemerintah untuk kemudian didistribusikan dalam rangka landreform, dan kepada bekas pemiliknya diberikan ganti kerugian sesuai dengan peraturan yang berlaku bagi para bekas pemilik tanah tersebut.   Kata Kunci : pengaturan tanah guntai, sulawesi utar

Peningkatan Perkembangan Sosial Emosional Melalui Metode Bermain Permainan Tradisional Pada Anak Usia 5-6 Tahun

The general objective of this study was to determine the increase in social emotional development through the traditional method of playing the game at 5-6 year olds in kindergarten Bruder Nusa Indah Pontianak. The method in this study uses descriptive methods. The results of data analysis showed that in general it can be concluded: (1) Planning the teachers in learning to use traditional methods of playing the game to improve the social emotional development of children aged 5-6 years in kindergarten Bruder Nusa Indah Pontianak school year 2013-2014 prepared by category of "good" with an average score of 3.65. (2) The implementation of learning by using the traditional method of playing the game to improve the social emotional development of children aged 5-6 years in kindergarten Bruder Nusa Indah Pontianak 2013-2014 school year can be categorized as "good" with an average score of 3.72. (3) Increased social emotional children aged 5-6 years after the traditional game in kindergarten Bruder Nusa Indah 2013-2014 school year can already be said to be "good" with an average increase of 80%

PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM TERHADAP PEMENUHAN HAK WARIS ANAK DALAM PERKAWINAN CAMPURAN DITINJAU DARI HUKUM PERDATA INTERNASIONAL

Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui untuk mengetahui bagaimana hak waris anak hasil perkawinan campuran menurut hukum perdata internasional serta untuk mengetahui perlindungan hukum terhadap hak waris anak dalam perkawinan campuran. Dengan metode penelitian yuridis normatif, kesimpulan yang didapat: 1. Dalam perkawinan campuran, anak yang lahir dari hasil perkawinan beda kewarganegaraan ini mempunyai haknya sebagai anak untuk memperoleh hak waris yang diberikan oleh orang tuanya. Bilamana anak tersebut belum memiliki kewarganegaraan, maka hak anak tersebut tentunya tidak dihapus. Bagi anak hasil perkawinan campuran untuk menerima hak milik warisan yang ada di Indonesia, ia harus menunggu sampai usinya mencapai 18 (delapan belas) tahun untuk mendapat hak milik harta warisan tersebut. Namun apabila memilih menjadi warga negara asing maka anak tersebut wajib melepaskan hak milik itu dalam jangka waktu 1 (satu) tahun sejak hak tersebut diperoleh. Keberadaan anak hasil perkawinan campuran terhadap harta benda pasti akan di berikan ketika anak tersebut sudah menetapkan kewarganegaraannya untuk memperoleh hak waris. 2. Haruslah ada perlindungan hukum bagi pemenuhan hak anak terkait hak waris anak berkewarganegaraan ganda yang orang tuanya melangsungkan perkawinan campuran. Terhadap anak-anak yang lahir dari perkawinan tersebut berhak dalam hal status, harta benda, hak waris, dan sebagainya, sehingga perlindungan hukum sangat penting diperlukan.   Kata Kunci : hak waris, perkawinan campura

The PLOS Biology xv collection:15 years of exceptional science highlighted across 12 months

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Zoledronic acid renders human M1 and M2 macrophages susceptible to Vδ2(+) γδ T cell cytotoxicity in a perforin-dependent manner.

Vδ2(+) T cells are a subpopulation of γδ T cells in humans that are cytotoxic towards cells which accumulate isopentenyl pyrophosphate. The nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate, zoledronic acid (ZA), can induce tumour cell lines to accumulate isopentenyl pyrophosphate, thus rendering them more susceptible to Vδ2(+) T cell cytotoxicity. However, little is known about whether ZA renders other, non-malignant cell types susceptible. In this study we focussed on macrophages (Mϕs), as these cells have been shown to take up ZA. We differentiated peripheral blood monocytes from healthy donors into Mϕs and then treated them with IFN-γ or IL-4 to generate M1 and M2 Mϕs, respectively. We characterised these Mϕs based on their phenotype and cytokine production and then tested whether ZA rendered them susceptible to Vδ2(+) T cell cytotoxicity. Consistent with the literature, IFN-γ-treated Mϕs expressed higher levels of the M1 markers CD64 and IL-12p70, whereas IL-4-treated Mϕs expressed higher levels of the M2 markers CD206 and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 18. When treated with ZA, both M1 and M2 Mϕs became susceptible to Vδ2(+) T cell cytotoxicity. Vδ2(+) T cells expressed perforin and degranulated in response to ZA-treated Mϕs as shown by mobilisation of CD107a and CD107b to the cell surface. Furthermore, cytotoxicity towards ZA-treated Mϕs was sensitive-at least in part-to the perforin inhibitor concanamycin A. These findings suggest that ZA can render M1 and M2 Mϕs susceptible to Vδ2(+) T cell cytotoxicity in a perforin-dependent manner, which has important implications regarding the use of ZA in cancer immunotherapy

Sequence of a complete chicken BG haplotype shows dynamic expansion and contraction of two gene lineages with particular expression patterns.

Many genes important in immunity are found as multigene families. The butyrophilin genes are members of the B7 family, playing diverse roles in co-regulation and perhaps in antigen presentation. In humans, a fixed number of butyrophilin genes are found in and around the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), and show striking association with particular autoimmune diseases. In chickens, BG genes encode homologues with somewhat different domain organisation. Only a few BG genes have been characterised, one involved in actin-myosin interaction in the intestinal brush border, and another implicated in resistance to viral diseases. We characterise all BG genes in B12 chickens, finding a multigene family organised as tandem repeats in the BG region outside the MHC, a single gene in the MHC (the BF-BL region), and another single gene on a different chromosome. There is a precise cell and tissue expression for each gene, but overall there are two kinds, those expressed by haemopoietic cells and those expressed in tissues (presumably non-haemopoietic cells), correlating with two different kinds of promoters and 5' untranslated regions (5'UTR). However, the multigene family in the BG region contains many hybrid genes, suggesting recombination and/or deletion as major evolutionary forces. We identify BG genes in the chicken whole genome shotgun sequence, as well as by comparison to other haplotypes by fibre fluorescence in situ hybridisation, confirming dynamic expansion and contraction within the BG region. Thus, the BG genes in chickens are undergoing much more rapid evolution compared to their homologues in mammals, for reasons yet to be understood.This is the final published version. It was originally published by PLOS in PLOS Genetics here: http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1004417

Anti-Tumor Activity and Immunotherapeutic Potential of a Bisphosphonate Prodrug

Bisphosphonates have benefits in breast cancer and multiple myeloma patients and have been used with adoptive immunotherapy with γδ T cells expressing Vγ2?Vδ2 TCRs. Although treatment with γδ T cells is safe, it has shown limited efficacy. Present bisphosphonates stimulate γδ T cells but were designed to inhibit bone resorption rather than treating cancer and have limited oral absorption, tumor cell entry, and cause bone side effects. The development of phosphate and phosphonate nucleotide prodrugs has led to important drugs for hepatitis C and HIV. Using a similar approach, we synthesized bisphosphonate prodrugs and found that they efficiently limit tumor cell growth. Pivoxil bisphosphonate esters enter cells where esterases convert them to their active acids. The bisphosphonate esters stimulated γδ T cells to secrete TNF-α in response to a variety of tumor cells more efficiently than their corresponding acids. The most active compound, tetrakis-pivaloyloxymethyl 2-(thiazole-2-ylamino)ethylidene-1,1- bisphosphonate (7), specifically expanded γδ T cells and stimulated them to secrete interferon-γ and kill tumor cells. In preclinical studies, combination therapy with compound 7 and γδ T cells prolonged survival of mice inoculated with either human bladder cancer or fibrosarcoma cells. Therefore, bisphosphonate prodrugs could enhance the effectiveness of adoptive cancer immunotherapy with γδ T cells