17 research outputs found
Torus Constraints in ANEPD-CXO245: A Compton-thick AGN with Double-peaked Narrow Lines
We report on the torus constraints of the Compton-thick active galactic nucleus (AGN) with double-peaked optical narrow-line region emission lines, ANEPD-CXO245, at z = 0.449 in the AKARI NEP Deep Field. The unique infrared data on this field, including those from the nine-band photometry over 2ā24 Ī¼m with the AKARI Infrared Camera, and the X-ray spectrum from Chandra allow us to constrain torus parameters such as the torus optical depth, X-ray absorbing column, torus angular width (Ļ), and viewing angle (i). We analyze the X-ray spectrum as well as the UVāopticalāinfrared spectral energy distribution (UOI-SED) with clumpy torus models in X-ray (XCLUMPY) and infrared (CLUMPY), respectively. From our current data, the constraints on Ļāi from both X-rays and UOI show that the line of sight crosses the torus as expected for a type 2 AGN. We obtain a small X-ray scattering fraction (NH from the X-ray spectrum, we find that the gas-to-dust ratio is <4 times larger than the Galactic value
Enhanced Removal of Photoresist Films through Swelling and Dewetting Using Pluronic Surfactants
Organic photoresist coatings, primarily composed of resins,
are
commonly used in the electronics industry to protect inorganic underlayers.
Conventional photoresist strippers, such as amine-type agents, have
shown high removal performance but led to environmental impact and
substrate corrosiveness. Therefore, this trade-off must be addressed.
In this study, we characterized the removal mechanism of a photoresist
film using a nonionic triblock Pluronic surfactant [poly(ethylene
oxide)āpoly(propylene oxide)āpoly(ethylene oxide)] in
a ternary mixture of ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate
(PC), and water. In particular, the removal dynamics determined by
using a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring was
compared with those determined by performing confocal laser scanning
microscopy and visual observation to analyze the morphology, adsorption
mass, and viscoelasticity of the photoresist film. In the absence
of the Pluronic surfactant, the photoresist film in the ternary solvent
exhibited a three-step process: (i) film swelling caused by the penetration
of a good solvent (EC and PC), (ii) formation of photoresist particles
through dewetting, and (iii) particle aggregation on the substrate.
This result was correlated to the Hansen solubility parameters. The
addition of the Pluronic surfactant not only prevented photoresist
aggregation in the third step but also promoted desorption from the
substrate. This effect was dependent on the concentration of the Pluronic
surfactant, which influenced diffusion to the interface between the
photoresist and the bulk solution. Finally, we proposed a novel photoresist
stripping mechanism based on the synergy between dewetting driven
by an EC/PC-to-water mixture and adsorption by the Pluronic surfactant
Action spectra for phytochrome A- and B-specific photoinduction of seed germination in Arabidopsis thaliana
We have examined the seed germination in Arabidopsis thaliana of wild type (wt), and phytochrome A (PhyA)- and B (PhyB)-mutants in terms of incubation time and environmental light effects. Seed germination of the wt and PhyA-null mutant (phyA) was photoreversibly regulated by red and far-red lights of 10-1,000 Ī¼mol m-2 when incubated in darkness for 1-14 hr, but no germination occurred in PhyB-null mutant (phyB). When wt seeds and the phyB mutant seeds were incubated in darkness for 48 hr, they synthesized PhyA during dark incubation and germinated upon exposure to red light of 1-100 nmol m-2 and far-red light of 0.5-10 Ī¼mol m-2, whereas the phyA mutant showed no such response. The results indicate that the seed germination is regulated by PhyA and PhyB but not by other phytochromes, and the effects of PhyA and PhyB are separable in this assay. We determined action spectra separately for PhyA- and PhyB-specific induction of seed germination at Okazaki large spectrograph. Action spectra for the PhyA response show that monochromatic 300-780 nm lights of very low fluence induced the germination, and this induction was not photoreversible in the range examined. Action spectra for the PhyB response show that germination was photoreversibly regulated by alternate irradiations with light of 0.01-1 mmol m-2 at wavelengths of 540-690 nm and 695-780 nm. The present work clearly demonstrated that PhyA photoirreversibly triggers the germination upon irradiations with ultraviolet, visible and far-red light of very low fluence, while PhyB controls the photoreversible effects of low fluence
Light-Induced Nuclear Translocation of Endogenous Pea Phytochrome A Visualized by Immunocytochemical Procedures
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