A study of Qorabadin Salehi's Textology with a View to Medical Education

زمینه و هدف: به علم ترکیب داروهای مفرده و ساخت فرآورده جدید قرابادین می‌گویند. علت اصلی پدیدآمدن قرابادین‌ها عدم درمان برخی بیماری‌ها توسط داروی مفرده، جلوگیری از عوارض جانبی برخی داروها و تأثیر بیشتر دارو بوده است. با وجود اهمیت قرابادین‌ها در طب، بررسی تحلیلی محتوای کتب مربوط به آن‌ها کمتر مورد توجه قرار گرفته است. یکی از زوایای پنهانی که در بررسی آن‌ها باید مورد توجه قرار گیرد، مبحث آموزش پزشکی می‌باشد. یکی از شاخص‌ترین قرابادین‌ها که از منظر آموزش پزشکی قابل بررسی و تطبیق با اصول نوین آموزش پزشکی می‌باشد، قرابادین صالحی نوشته صالح بن محمد بن محمد صالح قاینی هروی پزشک و داروساز ایرانی قرن دوازدهم (ق.) است که در سال1180 ق. تألیف و در این مطالعه به بررسی و تحلیل محتوای آن پرداخته شده است. روش: این پژوهش به شیوه توصیفی ـ تحلیلی و با رویکرد آموزش پزشکی و با روش کتابخانه‌ای مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است. کتاب، مقاله و نسخ خطی از جمله ابزارهایی هستند که برای جمع‌آوری اطلاعات در این پژوهش مورد استفاده ‌قرار گرفتند. همچنین با جستجو در پایگاه‌های اطلاعاتی خارجی همچون Scopus، Pub Med، Web of Science، Google Scholer و پایگاه‌های اطلاعاتی داخلی، مانند نورمگز، مگیران، SID اطلاعات لازم جهت تدوین مقاله جمع‌آوری شد. ملاحظات اخلاقی: صداقت و امانتداری در ارائه گزارش و انتشار مطالب رعایت گردید و نقل قول‌ها با ذکر منبع مورد استفاده صورت گرفت. یافته‌ها: قرابادین صالحی دارای برنامه آموزشی شامل هدف، محتوا و روش‌های آموزش می‌باشد. نویسنده در مقدمه به طور غیر مستقیم هدف از تألیف کتاب را کاملاً منطبق بر نیازهای روز جامعه توضیح می‌دهد، سپس محتوای متناسب با اهداف پیش‌بینی‌شده را ارائه داده و از طریق روش‌هایی چون حل مسأله و استدلال بالینی در قالب حکایت به آموزش تجربه‌های خود به مخاطبین می‌پردازد. این حکایت‌ها از بعد تحقیق و پژوهش دارای اهمیت می‌باشند. نتیجه‌گیری: در دوران تمدن اسلامی قرابادین‌های متعددی نگارش یافته‌اند. قرابادین صالحی با بسیاری از اصول و مبانی آموزش پزشکی قابل تطبیق است. قرابادین صالحی: 1ـ دارای برنامه آموزشی شامل هدف، محتوا و روش‌های آموزش می‌باشد؛ 2ـ با دید آموزش جامعه‌نگر نوشته شده ‌است؛ 3ـ از روش‌های آموزشی چون استدلال بالینی و حل مسأله در آموزش استفاده نموده است.Background and Aim: The science of combining simple drugs and making a new product is called Qorabadin. The main reason for the emergence of Qorabadins was the lack of treatment of some diseases with a single drug, prevention of side effects of some drugs, and greater drug effectiveness. Despite the importance of Qorabadin in medicine, analytical study of the content of books related to them has received less attention. One of the hidden angles that should be considered in the study is the issue of medical education. Qorabadin Salehi is one of the most prominent Qorabadins that can be studied from the perspective of medical education and adapted to the new principles of medical education Written by Saleh Ibn Mohammad Ibn Mohammad Saleh Ghaeni Heravi, an Iranian physician and pharmacist of the twelfth century (AH), which was written in 1180 (AH) and this study, its content has been studied and analyzed. Methods: This research has been studied in a descriptive-analytical manner with a medical education approach and a library method. Books, articles, and manuscripts are some of the tools used to collect information in this study. Also, by searching in external databases such as google scholar, web of science, pub med, Scopus, and internal databases such as Noor Magaz, Magiran, (SID) University Jihad Scientific Information Center Database, the necessary information was collected to compile. Ethical Considerations: Honesty and trusteeship were observed in reporting and publishing content and the quotes presented with the source used. Results: Qorabadin Salehi has an educational program including purpose, content, and teaching methods. In the introduction, the author indirectly explains the purpose of writing the book in full accordance with today's society's needs; It then presents content appropriate to the intended objectives and teaches its experiences to the audience through methods such as problem-solving and clinical reasoning in the form of anecdotes. These anecdotes are important in research. Conclusion: During the Islamic civilization, several Qarabadins have been written. Gharabadin Salehi can be applied to many principles and foundations of medical education. Qorabadin Salehi 1. has an educational program including the purpose, content and methods of education; 2. It is written with the view of social education; 3. Has used educational methods such as clinical reasoning and problem solving in education.   Please cite this article as: Ehsanian H, Mohagheghzadeh A, Ghaffari F. A study of Qorabadin Salehi's Textology with a View to Medical Education. Tārīkh-i pizishkī, i.e., Medical History. 2022; 14(47): e13

The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010-19 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background Understanding the magnitude of cancer burden attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors is crucial for development of effective prevention and mitigation strategies. We analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 to inform cancer control planning efforts globally. Methods The GBD 2019 comparative risk assessment framework was used to estimate cancer burden attributable to behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risk factors. A total of 82 risk-outcome pairs were included on the basis of the World Cancer Research Fund criteria. Estimated cancer deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in 2019 and change in these measures between 2010 and 2019 are presented. Findings Globally, in 2019, the risk factors included in this analysis accounted for 4.45 million (95% uncertainty interval 4.01-4.94) deaths and 105 million (95.0-116) DALYs for both sexes combined, representing 44.4% (41.3-48.4) of all cancer deaths and 42.0% (39.1-45.6) of all DALYs. There were 2.88 million (2.60-3.18) risk-attributable cancer deaths in males (50.6% [47.8-54.1] of all male cancer deaths) and 1.58 million (1.36-1.84) risk-attributable cancer deaths in females (36.3% [32.5-41.3] of all female cancer deaths). The leading risk factors at the most detailed level globally for risk-attributable cancer deaths and DALYs in 2019 for both sexes combined were smoking, followed by alcohol use and high BMI. Risk-attributable cancer burden varied by world region and Socio-demographic Index (SDI), with smoking, unsafe sex, and alcohol use being the three leading risk factors for risk-attributable cancer DALYs in low SDI locations in 2019, whereas DALYs in high SDI locations mirrored the top three global risk factor rankings. From 2010 to 2019, global risk-attributable cancer deaths increased by 20.4% (12.6-28.4) and DALYs by 16.8% (8.8-25.0), with the greatest percentage increase in metabolic risks (34.7% [27.9-42.8] and 33.3% [25.8-42.0]). Interpretation The leading risk factors contributing to global cancer burden in 2019 were behavioural, whereas metabolic risk factors saw the largest increases between 2010 and 2019. Reducing exposure to these modifiable risk factors would decrease cancer mortality and DALY rates worldwide, and policies should be tailored appropriately to local cancer risk factor burden. Copyright (C) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.Peer reviewe

Foliage applications of jasmonic acid modulate the antioxidant defense under water deficit growth in sugar beet

Aims of study: Water deficit (WD) is becoming an alarming problem in many regions of the world. Jasmonic acid (JA) is considered an important intracellular plant growth regulator. The aim of the current research was to investigate the important role of JA in mitigating the negative effects of WD on plant growth.Area of study: Sugar beet production systems of two locations in Chaharmahal-Bakhtiari province, Iran.Material and methods: A field trial was conducted to assess the foliar applications of JA (0, 5 µM and 10 µM) and WD (50%, 75%, 100% plant water requirements) effects on physiological yield components of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) plants.Main results: WD significantly (p<0.05) increased catalase, ascorbate and peroxidase activities, and malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide and white sugar content (WSC); however, it caused a reduction in white sugar yield and root yield (RY). JA foliage applications further enhanced the enzymes activity in WD treated plants resulting in higher WSC, potassium concentrations, white sugar and final RY. Interestingly the effects of JA applications were more pronounced under severe WD (50%) compared to mild (75%) or well-watered plants (100%). JA (10 µM) foliage applications increased the RY and white sugar production by 21% and 24% under severe WD.Research highlights: JA can ameliorate the adverse effects of WD and increase the WD tolerance of sugar beet crop by upregulating the antioxidant enzyme activities to withstand adverse environmental conditions

Effects of Allium hirtifolium (Iranian shallot) and its allicin on microtubule and cancer cell lines

Allium hirtifoli

Tunable terahertz filter/antenna-sensor using graphene-based metamaterials

In this paper, a novel tunable graphene-based bandstop filter/antenna-sensor is presented. This structure is an integrated module that can be used to combine filtering and high-gain radiation performance. The initial design of the unit cell consists of four U-shaped stubs loaded, resembling the arms of a ring and a sensing layer in the substrate. The reflection and transmission spectra are obtained for various graphene’s chemical potentials and refractive index of sensing layer (Ns) of structure in the range of 1.3–1.6 THz. The proposed structure exhibits the attributes of both dual-band filter and single-band antenna-sensor. The conductivity of graphene and its structural parameters are studied to optimize the component performance. In filtering mode, the first bandstop is from 1.23 to 1.6 THz equal to 26% of fractional bandwidth (FBW) at 1.415 THz. The second stopband is centered at 3.12 THz with FBW of 14% for Ns = 1.6 and 0.6 eV chemical potential. In the antenna mode, a single band of the antenna-sensor is centered at 1.95 THz for the same Ns and same chemical potential. It is shown that a sensitivity of 0.145 THz/RIU is achieved at Ns = 1.5 and chemical potential of 0.6 eV. Additionally, the performance of the proposed filter/antenna-sensor module is investigated for different wave polarizations and oblique angles

Understanding the Adaptive Mechanisms of Plants to Enhance Phosphorus Use Efficiency on Podzolic Soils in Boreal Agroecosystems

Being a macronutrient, phosphorus (P) is the backbone to complete the growth cycle of plants. However, because of low mobility and high fixation, P becomes the least available nutrient in podzolic soils; hence, enhancing phosphorus use efficiency (PUE) can play an important role in different cropping systems/crop production practices to meet ever-increasing demands in food, fiber, and fuel. Additionally, the rapidly decreasing mineral phosphate rocks/stocks forced to explore alternative resources and methods to enhance PUE either through improved seed P reserves and their remobilization, P acquisition efficiency (PAE), or plant's internal P utilization efficiency (IPUE) or both for sustainable P management strategies. The objective of this review article is to explore and document important domains to enhance PUE in crop plants grown on Podzol in a boreal agroecosystem. We have discussed P availabilities in podzolic soils, root architecture and morphology, root exudates, phosphate transporters and their role in P uptake, different contributors to enhance PAE and IPUE, and strategies to improve plant PUE in crops grown on podzolic soils deficient in P and acidic in nature

Asthma disease as cause of admission to hospitals due to exposure to ambient oxidants in Mashhad, Iran

Nowadays, asthma is one of the most common chronic respiratory diseases, worldwide. Many reports have emphasized the correlation between the short-term exposure to the ambient air pollutants and acute respiratory diseases, especially among children with asthmatic symptoms. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the exposure to three atmospheric antioxidants (NO2, SO2, and O3) and hospital admission due to asthmatic disease (HAAD) in the city of Mashhad, Iran. The concentrations of atmospheric antioxidants were obtained from the real-time monitoring stations located in the city. The collected data were employed for developing predictive models in the AirQ software. In order to investigate the association between short-term exposure to air pollutants and HAAD, the study participants were categorized into two age groups: less than 15 and from 15 to 64Â years old. The results indicated that in people less than 15Â years increase in NO2 (attributable proportion (AP)Â =Â 3.775%, 95% CI 0.897--6.883%), SO2 (APÂ =Â 3.649%, 95% CI 1.295--5.937%), and O3 (APÂ =Â 0.554%,95% CI 0.00--3.321) results in increase in HAAD. While for those aged between 15 and 64Â years, the AP was 4.192% (95% CI 0.450--7.662%) for NO2; 0.0% (95% CI 0.00--1.687%) for SO2; and 0.236% (95% CI 0.00--1.216%) for O3. The number of asthmatic cases who were less than 15Â years admitted to the hospitals during the study period was higher than that of those within the age groups between 15 and 64Â years as a consequence of exposure to NO2 (101 vs. 75), SO2 (98 vs. 0), and O3 (15 vs. 3), respectively. To the best of our knowledge, the AirQ model has not been applied before to estimate the effect of atmospheric antioxidant exposure on hospital admission because of asthma disease. Eventually, this model is proposed to be applicable for other cities around the world

Recent and emerging applications of Graphene-based metamaterials in electromagnetics

Surface Plasmon Polaritons (SPPs) operating in mid-infrared up to terahertz (THz) frequencies have been traditionally manufactured on expensive metals such as gold, silver, etc. However, such metals have poor surface confinement that limits the optical applications of SPPs. The invention of graphene is a breakthrough in plasmon-based devices in terms of design, fabrication and applications, thanks to its plasmonic wave distribution, low-cost prototyping and its inherent reconfigurability. In addition, recent advancements in plasmon-based metamaterials and metasurfaces led to the elimination of the past constraints on regular optical devices, opening a new door in THz devices and applications. This paper provides an operational perspective of the advanced graphene-based electromagnetic devices, with a focus on graphene enabled antennas, absorbers and sensors, analyzing the strengths and limitations of various design methodologies.This work was supported in part by the Icelandic Centre for Research (RANNIS) Grant 206606, and by the National Science Centre of Poland Grant 2018/31/B/ST7/02369, and by Macquarie University