Weathering and persistence of plastic in the marine environment: Lessons from LEGO

12 months embargo applied minus 1 day to account for leap year

Bottom-up effects of plant diversity on multitrophic interactions in a biodiversity experiment

Biodiversity is rapidly declining1, and this may negatively affect ecosystem processes, including economically important ecosystem services. Previous studies have shown that biodiversity has positive effects on organisms and processes4 across trophic levels. However, only a few studies have so far incorporated an explicit food-web perspective. In an eight-year biodiversity experiment, we studied an unprecedented range of above- and below-ground organisms and multitrophic interactions. A multitrophic data set originating from a single long-term experiment allows mechanistic insights that would not be gained from meta-analysis of different experiments. Here we show that plant diversity effects dampen with increasing trophic level and degree of omnivory. This was true both for abundance and species richness of organisms. Furthermore, we present comprehensive above-ground/below-ground biodiversity food webs. Both above ground and below ground, herbivores responded more strongly to changes in plant diversity than did carnivores or omnivores. Density and richness of carnivorous taxa was independent of vegetation structure. Below-ground responses to plant diversity were consistently weaker than above-ground responses. Responses to increasing plant diversity were generally positive, but were negative for biological invasion, pathogen infestation and hyperparasitism. Our results suggest that plant diversity has strong bottom-up effects on multitrophic interaction networks, with particularly strong effects on lower trophic levels. Effects on higher trophic levels are indirectly mediated through bottom-up trophic cascades

Temperature-dependent macromolecular X-ray crystallography

The dynamical behaviour of crystalline macromolecules and their surrounding solvent as a function of cryo-temperature is reviewed

Outcomes from elective colorectal cancer surgery during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic

This study aimed to describe the change in surgical practice and the impact of SARS-CoV-2 on mortality after surgical resection of colorectal cancer during the initial phases of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic

Prosodic Structure as a Parallel to Musical Structure

Funding for Open Access provided by the UMD Libraries Open Access Publishing Fund.What structural properties do language and music share? Although early speculation identified a wide variety of possibilities, the literature has largely focused on the parallels between musical structure and syntactic structure. Here, we argue that parallels between musical structure and prosodic structure deserve more attention. We review the evidence for a link between musical and prosodic structure and find it to be strong. In fact, certain elements of prosodic structure may provide a parsimonious comparison with musical structure without sacrificing empirical findings related to the parallels between language and music. We then develop several predictions related to such a hypothesis

Results on verification and validation of OOV-TET1 multi-spectral camera observations within the FireBIRD project

Since November 2014, the OOV-TET1 Satellite is operated by DLR as part of the FireBIRD mission. Within the project the multispectral camera payload (MSC) became the mainly operated experiment. Its spectral and geometrical characteristics are designed to detect and observe high temperature events, especially wildfires, active volcanoes, which require a large temporal and radiometrical dynamic range and good spatial resolution. In order to detect, to discriminate and to characterize occurrences of sides with temperatures around 1000 K, but limited spatial extend, the camera system is equipped with spectral bands in near, mid, and thermal infrared as well as in visible range, having a ground resolution of 160m. This makes the instruments sensitive for remote sensing of events with thermal features in normal temperature range. Such topics are underground coal fires, thermal anomalies, observation of sea surface temperatures etc