PENGARUH LAMA INKUBASI TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN KUMAN PADA KULTUR DARAH PENDERITA SEPTIKEMIA DI RSUP DR. KARIADI SEMARANG PERIODE JANUARI - APRIL 2008

Backgrounds: Septicemia is a dangerous systemic bacterial infection which has a high mortality rate. Immediate diagnosis empirical therapy of antibiotic plays important role on the patient prognosis. Incubation period is one of many factors that influence blood culture result which is a routine procedure to diagnose septicemia. Positive results were found far from expectation. Therefore, study on influence of incubation period was needed for increase blood culture positive rate. Methods: This was an analytic observational study cross-sectional design sample consist of 270 blood culture bottles which were examined from surgery ward, intern ward, and ICU of Dr. Kariadi Hospital on January-April 2008. Blood sample was taken aseptically, cultured and incubated in ten days at BACTEC 9050. Bacterial growth, incubation period, bacterial species and antibiotic using history were observed. Data was processed with McNemar test using SPSS 15.0 for windows. Results: There was no significant result in this study. The result showed that 97,5% of positive results were found within the first three days. Average incubation periods were 2,09 days. Conclusion: Ten days incubation did not increase blood culture positive rate from five days incubation. Keywords: septicemia, blood culture, incubation period, bacterial growth

Experimental and modeling study of the low-temperature oxidation of large alkanes

This paper presents an experimental and modeling study of the oxidation of large linear akanes (from C10) representative from diesel fuel from low to intermediate temperature (550-1100 K) including the negative temperature coefficient (NTC) zone. The experimental study has been performed in a jet-stirred reactor at atmospheric pressure for n-decane and a n-decane/n-hexadecane blend. Detailed kinetic mechanisms have been developed using computer-aided generation (EXGAS) with improved rules for writing reactions of primary products. These mechanisms have allowed a correct simulation of the experimental results obtained. Data from the literature for the oxidation of n-decane, in a jet-stirred reactor at 10 bar and in shock tubes, and of n-dodecane in a pressurized flow reactor have also been correctly modeled. A considerable improvement of the prediction of the formation of products is obtained compared to our previous models. Flow rates and sensitivity analyses have been performed in order to better understand the influence of reactions of primary products. A modeling comparison between linear alkanes for C8 to C16 in terms of ignition delay times and the formation of light products is also discussed

Nasopharyngeal pneumococcal carriage in South Asian infants:Results of observational cohort studies in vaccinated and unvaccinated populations

BACKGROUND: Nasopharyngeal pneumococcal carriage (NPC) is a prerequisite for invasive pneumococcal disease and reduced carriage of vaccine serotypes is a marker for the protection offered by the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV). The present study reports NPC during the first year of life in a vaccinated (with PCV10) cohort in Bangladesh and an unvaccinated cohort in India. METHODS: A total of 450 and 459 infants were recruited from India and Bangladesh respectively within 0-7 days after birth. Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected at baseline, 18 and 36 weeks after birth. The swabs were processed for pneumococcal culture and identification of serotypes by the Quellung test and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). An identical protocol was applied at both sites. RESULTS: Prevalence of NPC was 48% in the Indian and 54.8% in the Bangladeshi cohort at 18 weeks. It increased to 53% and 64.8% respectively at 36 weeks. The average prevalence of vaccine serotypes was higher in the Indian cohort (17.8% vs 9.8% for PCV-10 and 26.1% vs17.6% for PCV-13) with 6A, 6B, 19F, 23F, and 19A as the common serotypes. On the other hand, the prevalence of non-vaccine serotypes was higher (43.6% vs 27.1% for non-PCV13) in the Bangladeshi cohort with 34, 15B, 17F, and 35B as the common serotypes. Overcrowding was associated with increased risk of pneumococcal carriage. The present PCV-13 vaccine would cover 28%-30% and 47%-48% serotypes in the Bangladeshi and Indian cohorts respectively. CONCLUSIONS: South Asian infants get colonised with pneumococci early in infancy; predominantly vaccine serotypes in PCV naïve population (India) and non-vaccine serotypes in the vaccinated population (Bangladesh). These local findings are important to inform the public health policy and the development of higher valent pneumococcal vaccines

Development of a Diesel Surrogate Fuel Library

[EN] Diesel fuel is composed of a complex mixture of hundreds of hydrocarbons that vary globally depending on crude oil sources, refining processes, legislative requirements and other factors. In order to simplify the study of this fuel, researchers create surrogate fuels to mimic the physical and chemical properties of Diesel fuels. This work employed the commercial software Reaction Workbench - Surrogate Blend Optimizer (SBO) to develop a Surrogate Fuel Library containing 18 fuels. Within the fuel library, the cetane number ranges from 35 to 60 (in increments of 5) at threshold soot index (TSI) levels representative of low, baseline and high sooting tendency fuels (TSI = 17, 31 and 48, respectively). The Surrogate Fuel Library provides the component blend ratios and predicted properties for cetane number, threshold soot index, lower heating value, density, kinematic viscosity, molar hydrogen-to-carbon ratio and distillation curve temperatures from T-10 to T-90. A market petroleum Diesel fuel with a cetane number of 50 and a threshold soot index of 31 was selected as the Baseline Diesel Fuel. The combustion, physical and chemical properties of the Baseline Diesel Fuel were precisely matched by the Baseline Surrogate Fuel. To validate the SBO predicted fuel properties, a set of five surrogate fuels, deviating in cetane number and threshold soot index, were blended and examined with ASTM tests. Good agreement was obtained between the SBO predicted and ASTM measured fuel properties. To further validate the Surrogate Fuel Library, key properties that were effected by altering the component blend ratios to control cetane number and TSI were compared to a set of five market Diesel fuels with good results. These properties included density, viscosity, energy density and the T-10 and T-90 distillation temperatures. The Surrogate Fuel Library provided by this work supplies Diesel engine researchers and designers the ability to analytically and experimentally vary fuel cetane number and threshold soot index with fully-representative surrogate fuels. This new capability to independently vary cetane number and threshold soot index provides a means to further enhance the understanding of Diesel combustion and design future combustion systems that improve efficiency and emissions.Szymkowicz, P.; Benajes, J. (2018). Development of a Diesel Surrogate Fuel Library. Fuel. 222:21-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2018.01.112S213422

Neonatal invasive candidiasis in low-and-middle-income countries: data from the NeoOBS study

Neonatal invasive candidiasis (NIC) has significant morbidity and mortality. Reports have shown a different profile of those neonates affected with NIC and of fluconazole resistant Candida spp. isolates in low-and-middle-income -countries (LMICs) compared to high-income-countries (HIC). We describe the epidemiology, Candida spp. distribution, treatment and outcomes of neonates with NIC from LMICs enrolled in a global, prospective, longitudinal, observational cohort study (NeoOBS) of hospitalised infants < 60 days postnatal age with sepsis (August 2018-February 2021). 127 neonates from 14 hospitals in 8 countries with Candida spp. isolated from blood culture were included. Median gestational age of affected neonates was 30 weeks (IQR: 28-34) and median birth weight was 1270 g (IQR: 990-1692). Only a minority had high risk criteria, such as being born < 28 weeks, 19% (24/127), or birth weight < 1000 g, 27% (34/127). The most common Candida species were C. albicans (n = 45, 35%), C. parapsilosis (n = 38, 30%) and Candida auris (n = 18, 14%). The majority of C. albicans isolates were fluconazole susceptible, whereas 59% of C. parapsilosis isolates were fluconazole resistant. Amphotericin B was the most common antifungal used [74% (78/105)], followed by fluconazole [22% (23/105)]. Death by day 28 post-enrolment was 22% (28/127). To our knowledge, this is the largest multi-country cohort of NIC in LMICs. Most of the neonates would not have been considered at high risk for NIC in HICs. A substantial proportion of isolates was resistant to first choice fluconazole. Understanding the burden of NIC in LMIC is essential to guide future research and treatment guidelines

Comparative energy and environmental performance of 40% and 30% monoethanolamine at PACT pilot plant

Post combustion CO2 capture using amines is one of the most well understood processes. The most widely used and studied solvent for this purpose is 30% Monoethanolamine (MEA). The main issue with the process is the use of energy for stripping CO2 out of the solvent. It is anticipated that higher concentrations of MEA can capture a higher amount of CO2 and thus reduce energy consumption but may also result in a worsening of the environmental emissions due to potential increase in corrosion and solvent degradation. In order to study the impact of 40% MEA (as opposed to 30% MEA) on the capture plant performance, a test campaign was carried out at the Pilot Scale Advanced Capture Technology (PACT) facilities of the UK Carbon Capture and Storage Research Centre (UKCCSRC) using 30% and 40% MEA. The absorber (9 m height x 0.3 m dia.) is packed with 28 sections (6.5 m) of Mellapak CC3 structured packing. The absorption column temperature profile is measured by 10 RTDs installed around 48 cm apart along the column length. The performance of the capture plant in terms of reboiler duty, capture efficiency, loading capacity and liquid to gas ratio is evaluated at different operating conditions. It has been found that specific reboiler duty using 40% MEA drops by up to 14% as compared to that with 30% MEA under similar test conditions. It has also been observed that the process is very sensitive to reboiler temperature and slight changes in reboiler temperature can have a significant impact on the plant performance. Moreover, similar energy and capture performance can be achieved at different reboiler temperatures with right combination of temperature and pressure in the reboiler/stripper. Corrosion rate was found to be higher with 40% MEA than 30% MEA. Solvent degradation rate and solvent carry over has also indicated slightly higher levels for 40%. Water wash was shown to be effective in recovering most of the MEA from the flue gas

Application of Raman spectroscopy to real-time monitoring of CO2 capture at PACT pilot plant; Part 1: Plant operational data

Process analyzers for in-situ monitoring give advantages over the traditional analytical methods such as their fast response, multi-chemical information from a single measurement unit, minimal errors in sample handing and ability to use for process control. This study discusses the suitability of Raman spectroscopy as a process analytical tool for in-situ monitoring of CO2 capture using aqueous monoethanolamine (MEA) solution by presenting its performance during a 3-day test campaign at PACT pilot plant in Sheffield, UK. Two Raman immersion probes were installed on lean and rich streams for real time measurements. A multivariate regression model was used to determine the CO2 loading. The plant performance is described in detail by comparing the CO2 loading in each solvent stream at different process conditions. The study shows that the predicted CO2 loading recorded an acceptable agreement with the offline measurements. The findings from this study suggest that Raman Spectroscopy has the capability to follow changes in process variables and can be employed for real time monitoring and control of the CO2 capture process. In addition, these predictions can be used to optimize process parameters; to generate data to use as inputs for thermodynamic models, plant design and scale-up scenarios

The Argentine Writer and Tradition

In a landmark lecture of 1951, Borges maintained that Argentine writers have legitimate access to a multiplicity of cultural traditions, rejecting as parochial the view that an authentic Argentine literary expression should adhere to the stylistic and thematic norms of Gauchesque literature. Regarding the Western tradition, he reorganized its canon by subverting the hierarchical conventions of literary history, as well as bringing to the forefront a number of non-Western traditions both secular and religious. His approach to questions of language changes over the decades. ’Death and the Compass’ arguably captures a moment of tension between the past and the present in which a new artistic expression comes to life

RELIGIUSITAS PESERTA DIDIK MUSLIM YANG MENEMPUH PENDIDIKAN DI SMA KATOLIK ST THOMAS AQUINO TULUNGAGUNG

Hakka Ahmadia M, NIM 1721143154, Religiusitas Peserta didik Muslim yang menempuh pendidikan di SMA ST Thomas Aquino Tulungagung, Jurusan Pendidikan Agama Islam, IAIN Tulungagung 2019, Pembimbing oleh Abdul Aziz M.Pd.i Kata Kunci : Religiusitas, Peserta didik Muslim Penelitian dalam skripsi ini dilatarbelakangi oleh Peraturan Menteri Agama Republik Indonesia Nomor 16 Tahun 2010 tentang Pengelolaan Pendidikan Agama pada Sekolah bahwa setiap peserta didik pada setiap satuan pendidikan berhak mendapatkan pendidikan agama sesuai agama yang dianutnya dan diajarkan oleh pendidik yang seagama. Fakta di lapangan menunjukkan bahwa beberapa sekolah Kristen atau Katolik, tidak memberikan mata pelajaran Pendidikan Agama. Sekolah- sekolah tersebut mengganti mata pelajaran Pendidikan Agama dengan Pendidikan Religiusitas. Pendidikan Religiusitas merupakan mata pelajaran (seperti) agama, akan tetapi tidak hanya satu agama saja yang dipelajari, melainkan mempelajari gambaran umum dari semua agama dan aliran kepercayaan yang ada di Indonesia. Semua siswa dari berbagai latar belakang agama yang berbeda berada dalam satu kelas untuk mendapatkan materi Pendidikan Religiusitas. Hal ini dimaksudkan agar setiap siswa mengetahui serta memahami gambaran kehidupan keagamaan antar umat beragama yang berbeda sehingga diharapkan siswa akan mampu bersikap bijak dan toleran dalam menghadapi perbedaan-perbedaan yang ada. Kesalehan sosial, inilah yang menjadi inti dari materi Pendidikan Religiusitas. Hal ini pula yang diterapkan di SMA Santo Thomas Aquino Tulungagung Meskipun SMA Santo Thomas ini merupakan sekolah yang bercirikan Katolik, akan tetapi terdapat siswa dari berbagai latar belakang agama yang berbeda, seperti: Kristen, Hindu dan Islam. Lebih dari itu, bahkan siswanya pun berasal dari berbagai daerah di Indonesia yang notabene memiliki suku, budaya serta adat yang berbeda. Berdasarkan berbagai perbedaan yang ada, SMA Santo Thomas tidak memberikan pendidikan agama bagi setiap siswa sesuai dengan agamanya masing-masing. Akan tetapi, meskipun nama mata pelajaran yang tertera pada kurikulum adalah Pendidikan Agama, materi yang diajarkan bukanlah materi pendidikan agama pada umumnya, tetapi mengacu pada Pendidikan Religiusitas yang dapat mengakomodir semua siswa. Rumusan Masalahnya : 1)Bagaimana Religiusitas Keyakinan Peserta didik muslim yang menempuh pendidikan di SMA Katolik ST Thomas Aquiono Tulungagung ? 2)Bagaimana Religiusitas Ritual Peserta didik muslim yang menempuh pendidikan di SMA Katolik ST Thomas Aquiono Tulungagung ? 3)Bagaimana Religiusitas Intelektual Peserta didik muslim yang menempuh pendidikan di SMA Katolik ST Thomas Aquiono Tulungagung ? Adapun yang menjadi tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah 1)untuk mengetahui bagaimana Religiusitas Keyakinan Peserta didik muslim yang menempuh pendidikan di SMA Katolik ST Thomas Aquiono Tulungagung 2)untuk mengetahui bagaimana Ritual Keyakinan Peserta didik muslim yang menempuh pendidikan di SMA Katolik ST Thomas Aquiono Tulungagung. 3)untuk mengetahui bagaimana Intelektual Keyakinan Peserta didik muslim yang menempuh pendidikan di SMA Katolik ST Thomas Aquiono Tulungagung Metode Penelitian yangdigunakakn peneliti adalah metode kualitatif dan jenis penelitian lapangan (field research). Tekhnik pengumpulan data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini berupa observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa: 1) Religiusitas Keyakinan Peserta didik muslim yang menempuh pendidikan di SMA Katolik ST Thomas Aquiono Tulungagung relatif rendah. Ada beberapa anak yang paham betul dengan Islam meskipun hanya ditunjang pendidikan agama oleh keluarganya. 2) Ritual Keyakinan Peserta didik muslim yang menempuh pendidikan di SMA Katolik ST Thomas Aquiono Tulungagung juga relative kurang. dari yang paling dasar syahadat, Sholat, Puasa, Zakat, Haji, mereka hanya mengerti dan memahami dari luarnya saja belum sampai memahami secara mendalam (Syarat sah, Syarat Wajib, Hal yang membatalkan, Hikmah) 3) Intelektual Keyakinan Peserta didik muslim yang menempuh pendidikan di SMA Katolik ST Thomas Aquiono Tulungagung cukup bagus dan lebih menonjol dalam hal toleransi. Karena di SMA ST Thomas Aquino Tulungagung lebih mengedepankan hal tersebut sehingga terciptanya kegiatan belajar mengajar yang aman dan damai tanpa adanya konflik perihal agama