Release of anandamide from blood cells

Background: Endogenous ligands of cannabinoid receptors ( endocannabinoids), in particular anandamide ( arachidonylethanolamide), have been recognized as being of crucial importance in a variety of physiological functions. Plasma concentrations of anandamide have been measured in a number of investigations; however, discrepant data on "normal'' anandamide plasma concentrations were reported. Since this might be caused by pre-analytical variables, we investigated the impact of different sample handling conditions on measured plasma anandamide concentrations. Methods: Blood samples were taken from healthy volunteers in EDTA- or heparin-containing tubes; whole blood samples were kept at +4 degrees C, room temperature, or 37 degrees C, respectively, for up to 120 min before obtaining plasma by centrifugation. Plasma anandamide concentrations were measured by an isotope-dilution liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry ( LC-MS/MS) method. Results: A marked time- and temperature-dependent increase in plasma anandamide concentrations ex vivo was observed in both EDTA- and heparin-containing tubes. Mean anandamide concentrations approximately doubled when EDTA samples were kept at 4 degrees C for 60 min before centrifugation {[}immediately centrifuged, 1.3 mg/L ( SD 0.3 mg/L); 2.8 mg/L ( SD 0.5 mg/L) after storage for 60 min; n=12). After storage of heparinized whole-blood samples for 120 min at 37 degrees C, a mean plasma anandamide concentration of 11.9 mg/L ( SD 1.8 mg/L) was found. In cell-free plasma, no increase in anandamide concentrations was found. Conclusion: Anandamide is released from blood cells ex vivo at a very high rate; therefore, strictly standardized pre-analytical protocols have to be applied for plasma anandamide determination

From Fertilisation to Implantation in Mammalian Pregnancy-Modulation of Early Human Reproduction by the Endocannabinoid System.

There is an increasing recognition that the endocannabinoid system is the crucial cytokine-hormone system regulating early human pregnancy. The synchronous development of the fertilized embryo and the endometrium to ensure timely implantation has been shown to be one of the pivotal steps to successful implantation. This development is thought to be regulated by a finely balanced relationship between various components of the endocannabinoid system in the endometrium, the embryo and the Fallopian tube. In addition, this system has also been shown to be involved in the regulation of the development and maturation of the gametes prior to fertilization. In this review, we will examine the evidence from animal and human studies to support the role of the endocannabinoid system in gametogenesis, fertilization, implantation, early pregnancy maintenance, and in immunomodulation of pregnancy. We will discuss the role of the cannabinoid receptors and the enzymes involved in the synthesis and degradation of the key endocannabinoid ligands (e.g., anandamide and 2-arachinoylglycerol) in early reproduction

Evaluating Implementation Of The Ontario School Food And Beverage Policy (P/Pm 150) In Waterloo Region: Role Of Food Services

Objectives. The purpose of this study was to assess food service organizations’ experiences with the implementation of P/PM 150, perceived strengths and weaknesses of food services organizations implementing P/PM150, and perceived opportunities and threats to the policy’s implementation. Methods. Semi-structured interviews were done with food service organizations selling food to Waterloo Region schools. Food services identified perceptions of and experiences with P/PM 150. Interview responses were coded using ‘open coding’, coding was based on the SWOT analysis, a reliability test was conducted, and matrix coding was used to compare food services’ attributes to their experiences implementing P/PM 150. Results. Food services that had a good experience mentioned more ‘opportunities’ resulting from the policy and more ‘strengths’ within their company. Both food services that had a negative or positive experience mentioned an equal number of ‘threats’. However, food services that had negative experiences mentioned more ‘weaknesses’ than those that had positive experiences. More small food services, and food services that serve elementary schools identified having a good experience with the policy. All food services that identified themselves as healthy before implementing the policy had a positive experience with the policy. The main factor that determined whether food services had a negative experience implementing the policy was if the food service had to make many changes to their menu to comply with P/PM 150. Conclusions. Collecting additional data on the compliance of food services, the role of education in policy acceptance, and schools’, parents’, and students’ experiences with the policy would be beneficial to get a full understanding of the policy’s impact

AIG email from Joseph Cassano to Elias Habayeb William Doodley and Steven Bensinger Re November changes in value for the super senior multi sector cdo

Series of emails from 11/30/2007 to 12/1/2007

Increased placental expression of cannabinoid receptor 1 in preeclampsia

BackgroundThe endocannabinoid system plays a key role in female reproduction, including implantation, decidualization and placentation. In the present study, we aimed to analyze cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1), CB2 and fatty acid amid hydrolase (FAAH) expressions and localization in normal and preeclamptic placenta, in order to determine whether placental endocannabinoid expression pattern differs between normal pregnancy and preeclampsia.MethodsEighteen preeclamptic patients and 18 normotensive, healthy pregnant women with uncomplicated pregnancies were involved in our case inverted question markcontrol study. We determined CB1, CB2 and FAAH expressions by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry in placental samples collected directly after Cesarean section.ResultsCB1 expression semi-quantified by Western blotting was significantly higher in preeclamptic placenta, and these findings were confirmed by immunohistochemistry. CB1 immunoreactivity was markedly stronger in syncytiotrophoblasts, the mesenchymal core, decidua, villous capillary endothelial and smooth muscle cells, as well as in the amnion in preeclamptic samples compared to normal pregnancies. However, we did not find significant differences between preeclamptic and normal placenta in terms of CB2 and FAAH expressions and immunoreactivity.ConclusionsWe observed markedly higher expression of CB1 protein in preeclamptic placental tissue. Increased CB1 expression might cause abnormal decidualization and impair trophoblast invasion, thus being involved in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. Nevertheless, we did not find significant differences between preeclamptic and normal placental tissue regarding CB2 and FAAH expressions. While the detailed pathogenesis of preeclampsia is still unclear, the endocannabinoid system could play a role in the development of the disease

أثر تكاليف المحاسبة السحابية على األداء المالي في البنوك األردنية

هدف المقال التعرف إلى دور المنصات التعليمية اإللكترونية في تعزيز هدف المقال التعرف الى تأثير تكاليف المحاسبة السحابية تخدمت في هذه الدراسة على األداء المالي للبنوك األردنية. اسُ التكاليف المباشرة وغير المباشرة التي انفقت على البرامج تخدمت والتطبيقات كمؤشر لتطبيق المحاسبة السحابية، واسُ مؤشرات العائد على األصول والعائد على حقوق الملكية وهامش الربح الصافي وهامش الربح اإلجمالي كمؤشرات لألداء المالي للبنوك عينة الدراسة. وتم تحديد حجم البنك ونسبة الرافعة المالية ونسبة السيولة كمتغيرات ضابطة. تم جمع البيانات المتعلقة بهذه بن تجارًيا و3 ًك بن أردنًيا، بما في ذلك 13 ا ًك المتغيرات من 16 ا بنوك إسالمية، خالل الفترة من 2015 إلى ،2021 وتم استخدام تحليل االنحدار الخطي المتعدد الختبار فرضيات الدراسة. وأشارت النتائج إلى وجود تأثير إيجابي ومعنوي لتكاليف المحاسبة السحابية على مؤشرات األداء المالي، ممثلة في العائد على األصول والعائد على حقوق الملكية وهامش الربح الصافي وهامش الربح اإلجمالي. واوصت الدراسة بتشجيع البنوك على مواكبة التطور التكنولوجي واعتماد تطبيقات المحاسبة السحابية