5,934 research outputs found
A microscopic description of acid-base equilibrium
Acid-base reactions are ubiquitous in nature. Understanding their mechanisms
is crucial in many fields, from biochemistry to industrial catalysis.
Unfortunately, experiments only give limited information without much insight
into the molecular behaviour. Atomistic simulations could complement
experiments and shed precious light on microscopic mechanisms. The large free
energy barriers connected to proton dissociation however make the use of
enhanced sampling methods mandatory. Here we perform an ab initio molecular
dynamics (MD) simulation and enhance sampling with the help of methadynamics.
This has been made possible by the introduction of novel descriptors or
collective variables (CVs) that are based on a conceptually new outlook on
acid-base equilibria. We test successfully our approach on three different
aqueous solutions of acetic acid, ammonia, and bicarbonate. These are
representative of acid, basic, and amphoteric behaviour
Metadynamics with Discriminants: a Tool for Understanding Chemistry
We introduce an extension of a recently published method\cite{Mendels2018} to
obtain low-dimensional collective variables for studying multiple states free
energy processes in chemical reactions. The only information needed is a
collection of simple statistics of the equilibrium properties of the reactants
and product states. No information on the reaction mechanism has to be given.
The method allows studying a large variety of chemical reactivity problems
including multiple reaction pathways, isomerization, stereo- and
regiospecificity. We applied the method to two fundamental organic chemical
reactions. First we study the \ce{S_N2} nucleophilic substitution reaction of a
\ce{Cl} in \ce{CH_2 Cl_2} leading to an understanding of the kinetic origin of
the chirality inversion in such processes. Subsequently, we tackle the problem
of regioselectivity in the hydrobromination of propene revealing that the
nature of empirical observations such as the Markovinikov's rules lies in the
chemical kinetics rather than the thermodynamic stability of the products
PET studies on the aetiology of Parkinson's disease and on the efficacy of cell transplantation therapy
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Relevant results from the NA48 experiment
We report relevant results from NA48 experiment at CERN SPS. NA48 was
proposed in 1990 \cite{proposal} to study direct CP violation in
to a level of accuracy sufficient to resolve the inconclusive status left by
the previous measurements performed by NA31 \cite{NA31} and E731 \cite{E731}.
In 2002 NA48 published the final result \cite{NA48epsoeps}. Small modification
to the experimental setup have allowed NA48 to go forward with an extensive
investigation of rare decays and hyperon decays. Some results are already
available and reported here together with the final CP violation measurement.Comment: 3 pages, 1 eps figure, XXIII Physics in collisio
Gestione Chirurgica di Cisti e Fistole Cervicali in bambini e adolescenti: uno studio retrospettivo dal 2004 a oggi
la tesi si sviluppa analizzando un numero di pazienti pediatrici pari a circa 160, ricoverati negli ospedali di Cisanello e Anna Meyer per patologie cervicali. vengono analizzate caratteristiche come presentazione clinica, diagnosi, terapia, complicanze e recidive, confrontando tali statistiche con quelle piĂč recenti, mediante una revisione della letteratura
"Australiaâs most evil and repugnant nightspotâ Foco Club and transnational politics in Brisbaneâs â68â
This paper locates Brisbane â traditionally seen as a backwater both politically and culturally â within the transnational flows of people, ideas and actions which constituted global sixties activism. Host to a wide assortment of youth dissidents, Brisbane provided a plethora of streets and spaces in which activists became part of an imagined community of global revolt. Through investigating such locations, ranging from cultural centres such as the disco-cum-movie and poetry spot Foco Club to bookshops like Red and Black, radicals are revealed as engaging in a sophisticated and globally conscious urban politics of occupation and creative transformation â seeking to invent a differentially youthful social geography and everyday life in the face of overt hostility from the establishment. © 2011 The University of Queenslan
Travel, Politics and the Limits of Liminality During Australiaâs Sixties
Victor Turner describes the individual experience of travel as âliminalâ. Opening new vistas of possibility, it upturns ordinary social conventions and codes, constructing in their place new communities of hope and change. Such utopian moments of encounter are, however, just thatâmoments that are fleeting and generally inconsequential. This paper seeks to understand and critique Turnerâs ideas of liminality, pilgrimage and communitas within the context of Australian social movements in the âlongâ and âglobalâ 1960s. Though often ignored or marginalised in local and international scholarship, Australia had a much more complex and interesting experience of this period than the paucity of scholarly work would indicate. In fact, a variety of activists in areas ranging from Indigenous rights to the peace and workers movements pushed the boundaries of political discourse during a period marked by stultifying social and cultural climates. Through a focus on three travel narrativesâthose of Brisbane radical Brian Laver and young Communist Party of Australia (CPA) members to Czechoslovakia and Bulgaria during 1968, Sydney Trotskyite Denis Freney to Algeria in the early 1960s and five Indigenous activists to a Black Power conference in Atlanta, Georgia in 1970âthis paper will highlight the importance of global connections to Australian social movements. The notion of liminality will initially be critiqued through a focus on pre-histories to travel: the ideas, rumours and local problems that can be glossed over in work heralding the power of the moment. Such moments of encounter were, however, still transformative for these activists, with their variety of experiences facilitating what Turner called communitas, spontaneous affinities and solidarities across borders of race, culture and understanding. The pilgrimsâ return concludes this discussion, with their âtranslationâ of global ideas into new, local contexts giving them the role not just of a missionary, but also a mediatorâdisrupting travelâs supposed fleetingness and locating its importance to the transnational flow of ideas during the Sixties
The Secret of the World Remains Hidden: Roberto BolaĆo as an Antiliterary Author
The Chilean author Roberto BolaĆo cultivated a contentious (and contradictory) attitude to literature, believing that it conceals the fear and self-interest that coordinates its meaningfulness. For BolaĆo, great writers should face the abyss of meaninglessness while standing tall, a directive which prohibits drawing conclusions that might ultimately be elevated to the level of fact. Instead, BolaĆo commits to a category of truth that cannot be described by inscribing its contingent effects in his writing through what I will call his âantiliterature.â Acknowledging this inaccessible truth, BolaĆoâs writing reveals an aversion to all-encompassing literary forms that can be seen in the same light as Jacques Lacanâs term âantiphilosophy,â describing the French psychoanalystâs position against philosophy. Just as Lacanian antiphilosophy continues to contribute to twenty-first-century philosophical critiques, BolaĆoâs antiliterature renders possible novel literary trajectories. BolaĆoâs 2009 novel 2666 exemplifies his antiliterary approach, subverting the literary genre of crime fiction by refusing to supply an object to fulfil the readerâs desire for closure and by universalising guilt
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