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Negative priming and occasion setting in an appetitive Pavlovian procedure
Rats received training in which two auditory target stimuli, X and Y, were signaled by two visual stimuli, A and B, and followed by food (i.e., AâX1, BâY+). The test consisted of presentations of X and Y preceded either by the same signal as during training (same trials: AâX, BâY) or by the alternative signal (different trials: AâY, BâX). After 8 training sessions, the animals responded less on same trials than on different trials; this effect was significantly reduced after 24 training sessions. In two additional experiments, animals that had also experienced presentations of A and B alone, either before or during training, showed the opposite pattern of results, responding more on same trials than on different trials. These results are interpreted as being due to the interaction between the effects of occasion setting andnegative priming (see Wagner, 1981)
Inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation and antibody productionin vitro by silica, talc, bentonite orCorynebacterium parvum: involvement of peroxidative processes
Multiple fracture repair in a domestic shorthair cat
A cat injured by vehicular trauma suffered multiple fractures of the forelimbs and pelvis. Following patient stabilization, these fractures were repaired with various orthopedic implants. Implant failure and complications of bone healing occurred postsurgically; these failures were managed both surgically and conservatively. This paper discusses the method of selecting of orthopedic implants based on the nature of the fractures, and the difficulties inherent in repairing multiple limb fractures
Funktionelle ReprÀsentation des Symbol Digit Modalities Test in Multipler Sklerose
Etwa 50% der MS-Patienten leiden unter kognitiven Störungen. Dabei ist nicht die âKognitionâ
insgesamt betroffen, sondern einzelne kognitive Funktionen scheinen bei Patienten mit MS
besonders vulnerabel: die FĂ€higkeit der Informationsverarbeitungsgeschwindigkeit sowie des
klassischen ArbeitsgedĂ€chtnis werden ĂŒbereinstimmend als vermehrt beeintrĂ€chtigt angegeben.
Verschiedene Testbatterien zur Erfassung kognitiver BeeintrÀchtigungen bei MS-Patienten
wurden erarbeitet, um verschiedene Teilbereiche zu testen. Zur Untersuchung der
Informationsverarbeitungsgeschwindigkeit ist der Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) ein
etabliertes Untersuchungsinstrument und ist essenziell fĂŒr das Screening fĂŒr kognitiven
BeeintrÀchtigungen von Patienten mit Multipler Sklerose. Methodologische Adaptionen des
Tests wurden in der funktionellen Bildgebung angewendet, jedoch ohne spezifische
Untersuchungen der Teilbereiche der Informationsverarbeitungsgeschwindigkeit (IPS) weiter
zu erforschen. Zudem gibt es nur wenig Daten ĂŒber die funktionellen Unterschiede zwischen
MS-Patienten und gesunden Probanden. 20 MS-Patienten und eine gesunde Kontrollgruppe mit
20 Probanden wurden mittels funktionellem MRT (fMRT) untersucht, wÀhrend der SDMT
bearbeitet wurde. DarĂŒber hinaus wurden in strukturellen Messungen Informationen
hinsichtlich Volumina der weiĂen und grauen Substanz sowie des LĂ€sionsvolumens erfasst.
Anhand der gewonnenen Daten haben wir das aus Vorstudien bekannte neuronale Netzwerk
bestehend aus frontalen (Brodman Areal BA6, BA9), parietalen (BA7), okkzipitalen (BA17)
cerebellÀren Bereichen sowie die funktionellen Unterschiede zwischen MS-Patienten und der
gesunden Kontrollgruppe analysiert. Ferner wurden ZusammenhÀnge zwischen den
strukturellen Unterschieden der beiden Studiengruppen und den Ergebnissen im SDMT
untersucht. Die MS-Patienten schnitten schlechter bei der Bearbeitung des SDMT ab. Beide
Gruppen zeigten in der funktionellen Untersuchung eine Aktivierung in dem beschriebenen
neuronalen Netzwerk. Die kognitiven Komponenten der IPS zeigte sich durch Aktivierung in
superior parietalen und posterior cerebellÀren Bereichen. WÀhrend des SDMT hatten MS-Patienten eine geringere Aktivierung im Cingulum als die gesunde Kontrollgruppe. In der
strukturellen Analyse war das Volumen der weiĂen und grauen Substanz bei der MS-Gruppe
geringer als in der gesunden Kontrollgruppe, wĂ€hrend das LĂ€sionsvolumen in der MS-Patientengruppe gröĂer war als in der gesunden Kontrollgruppe. Kognitive Komponenten der
Informationsverarbeitungsgeschwindigkeit sind abhÀngig von superior parietalen und posterior
cerebellÀren Regionen, welche bei der Integration visuell-rÀumlicher Reize und der
Antizipation beteiligt sind. Areale, die bei der Aufmerksamkeit eine wichtige Rolle spielen sind
bei MS-Patienten weniger aktiv.About 50% of MS patients suffer from cognitive disorders. It is not "cognition" that is cognition" as a whole is affected, but individual cognitive functions seem to be particularly vulnerable in patients with MS: the ability of information processing speed as well as the classical working memory are unanimously reported as increasingly impaired. Various test batteries for the assessment of cognitive impairments in MS patients have been developed to test different subdomains. For the investigation of the processing speed, the Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) is a well-established test and is essential for screening cognitive impairment in patients with multiple sclerosis. Methodological adaptations of the test have been applied in functional imaging, but without specific investigations of the subdomains of information processing speed (IPS). In addition, there is little data on the functional differences between MS patients and healthy subjects. Twenty MS patients and a healthy control group of 20 subjects were studied by functional MRI (fMRI), while the SDMT was processed. In addition, information was obtained in structural measurements regarding white and gray matter volumes and lesion volume was recorded. Based on the data obtained, we defined the neuronal network known from preliminary studies consisting of frontal (Brodman area BA6, BA9), parietal (BA7), occipital (BA17) cerebellar areas, as well as the functional differences between MS patients and the healthy control group were analyzed. Furthermore, correlations between the structural differences of the two study groups and the results in the SDMT were investigated. The MS patients performed worse on the SDMT. Both groups showed activation in the described neuronal network in the functional examination. The cognitive components of the IPS showed activation in superior parietal and posterior cerebellar areas. During SDMT, MS patients had lower activation in the cingulate than the healthy control group. In the structural analysis, white and gray matter volume was lower in the MS group than in the healthy control group, while lesion volume was greater in the MS patient group than in the healthy control group. Cognitive components of information processing speed are dependent on superior parietal and posterior cerebellar regions, which are involved in the integration of visuospatial stimuli and anticipation. Areas that play an important role in attention are less active in MS patients
Effects of prenatal administration of psychotropic drugs to rats on brain butytylcholinesterase activity at birth
Real-time bidding platform for public display networks
Die klassischen Bezahlmodelle werden nach und nach durch neue Finanzierungsmodelle ersetzt. Das am weitesten verbreiteste Bezahlmodell ist derzeit die Bezahlung mit Giralgeld. Eine andere Methode ist das sogenannte Advertising, das Dienste oder Services mit Werbung finanziert. Daher sind diese Dienste stark von einer Nutzerschaft und Werbenden abhĂ€ngig, die ihre Werbung gegen eine Finanzierung an die Nutzerschaft ausliefert. Damit hat Advertising als Finanzierungsmodell ein groĂes Potential sich in der Zukunft zu etablieren. Diese Fachstudie beschĂ€ftigt sich mit der Implementierung und Evaluierung einer Real Time Bidding-Plattform fĂŒr Public Display Networks, die Werbung von Werbetreibenden genauer an eine Zielgruppe von werbekonsumierenden Personen liefern soll. Eine Beschreibung der Real Time Bidding-Plattform, die Implementierung sowie die Evaluierung wird in dieser Fachstudie beschrieben
Antigen-specific and nonspecific mediators of t-cell/b-cell cooperation. VI. Distinct patterns of cross-reactivity by two human gamma-globulin-primed helper t-cell subpopulations.
Effects of d-amphetamine sulfate given to pregnant mice on activity and on catecholamines in the brains of offspring
Forgetting to take HIV antiretroviral therapy: A qualitative exploration of medication adherence in the third decade of the HIV epidemic in the United States
Optimal adherence to HIV antiretroviral therapy (ART) is challenging, and racial/ethnic disparities in adherence rates are substantial. The most common reason persons living with HIV (PLWH) give for missed ART doses is forgetting. We took a qualitative exploratory approach to describe, from the perspectives of African American/Black and Hispanic/Latino PLWH, what it means to forget to take ART and factors that influence forgetting. Participants (N = 18) were purposively sampled for maximum variability and engaged in semi- structured/in-depth interviews on HIV/ART management. The analysis took a directed content analysis approach. Participants were mostly male (56%) and African American/Black (79%), between 50 and 69 years old, and had lived with HIV for an average of 21 years. Findings were organised into six inter-related themes: (1) forgetting to take ART was a shorthand description of a complex phenomenon, but rarely a simple lapse of memory; (2) âforgettingâ was means of managing negative emotions associated with HIV; (3) life events triggered mental health distress/substance use which disrupted adherence; (4) historical traumatic events (including AZT monotherapy) and recent trauma/loss contributed to forgetting; (5) patient-provider interactions could support or impede adherence; and (6) intrinsic motivation was fundamental. Implications for HIV social service and health care settings are described
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