2,558 research outputs found
Response to Invasion by Antigen and Effects of Threshold in an Immune Network Dynamical System Model with a Small Number of Degrees of Freedom
We study a dynamical system model of an idiotypic immune network with a small
number of degrees of freedom, mainly focusing on the effect of a threshold
above which antibodies can recognise antibodies. The response of the system to
invasions by antigens is investigated in the both models with and without the
threshold and it turns out that the system changes in a desirable direction for
moderate magnitude of perturbation. direction for moderate magnitude of
perturbation. Also, the propagation of disturbance by an antigen is
investigated in the system of one-dimensionally connected basic units taking
the closed 3-clone system as a unit, and it is clarified that the threshold of
the system has effects to enhance the stability of the network and to localise
the immune response.Comment: 6 pages, 6 figures. Submitted to Prog. Theor. Phy
Bell's theorem as a signature of nonlocality: a classical counterexample
For a system composed of two particles Bell's theorem asserts that averages
of physical quantities determined from local variables must conform to a family
of inequalities. In this work we show that a classical model containing a local
probabilistic interaction in the measurement process can lead to a violation of
the Bell inequalities. We first introduce two-particle phase-space
distributions in classical mechanics constructed to be the analogs of quantum
mechanical angular momentum eigenstates. These distributions are then employed
in four schemes characterized by different types of detectors measuring the
angular momenta. When the model includes an interaction between the detector
and the measured particle leading to ensemble dependencies, the relevant Bell
inequalities are violated if total angular momentum is required to be
conserved. The violation is explained by identifying assumptions made in the
derivation of Bell's theorem that are not fulfilled by the model. These
assumptions will be argued to be too restrictive to see in the violation of the
Bell inequalities a faithful signature of nonlocality.Comment: Extended manuscript. Significant change
Meta-stable memory in an artificial immune network
Abstract. This paper describes an artificial immune system algorithm which implements a fairly close analogue of the memory mechanism proposed by Jerne(1) (usually known as the Immune Network Theory). The algorithm demonstrates the ability of these types of network to produce meta-stable structures representing populated regions of the antigen space. The networks produced retain their structure indefinitely and capture inherent structure within the sets of antigens used to train them. Results from running the algorithm on a variety of data sets are presented and shown to be stable over long time periods and wide ranges of parameters. The potential of the algorithm as a tool for multivariate data analysis is also explored.
Fantom-gyerekek : a korai iskolaelhagyással, lemorzsolódással összefüggő oktatáspolitikai intézkedések az iskolai mulasztások statisztikai adatainak tükrében
Az EurĂłpa 2020 stratĂ©gia egyik kiemelt cĂ©lja a korai iskolaelhagyás arányának 10 százalĂ©k alá csökkentĂ©se. E deklarált cĂ©llal ellentĂ©tben hazánkban az elmĂşlt Ă©vekben folyamatosan növekedett a korai iskolaelhagyĂłk Ă©s a lemorzsolĂłdĂłk aránya. Jelen Ărásunkban a rendelkezĂ©sre állĂł közoktatásai statisztikai adatok összevetĂ©sĂ©vel
keressĂĽk a választ az iskolai hiányzások, a korai iskolaelhagyás, valamint a lemorzsolĂłdás kapcsolatára. Vizsgáljuk továbbá, hogy a közelmĂşlt oktatáspolitikai döntĂ©sei mennyiben segĂtettĂ©k a Magyarország által is vállalt uniĂłs cĂ©lok megvalĂłsulását
Kamaszok mondják…
OsztályfĹ‘nöke vagyok egy szakközĂ©piskolás tizedik osztálynak, Budapesten. Az osztályba hivatalosan 21 tanulĂł jár, ebbĹ‘l nĂ©gy azonban sosem jön iskolába, Ăgy a tĂ©nyleges lĂ©tszám 17 fĹ‘. „BejárĂłknak” hĂvják magukat. Második Ă©ve vágyunk, a „bejárĂłk” meg Ă©n, egy igazi, „ottalvĂłs”, többnapos osztálykirándulásra, ám iskolánk pedagĂłgiai elvei szerint ennek cĂ©lja a közössĂ©gĂ©pĂtĂ©s, Ăgy csak azok az osztályok kaphatnak tanĂtási szĂĽnetet erre, ahol a bejárĂłk kilencven százalĂ©ka elmegy a kirándulásra
Randomly Evolving Idiotypic Networks: Structural Properties and Architecture
We consider a minimalistic dynamic model of the idiotypic network of
B-lymphocytes. A network node represents a population of B-lymphocytes of the
same specificity (idiotype), which is encoded by a bitstring. The links of the
network connect nodes with complementary and nearly complementary bitstrings,
allowing for a few mismatches. A node is occupied if a lymphocyte clone of the
corresponding idiotype exists, otherwise it is empty. There is a continuous
influx of new B-lymphocytes of random idiotype from the bone marrow.
B-lymphocytes are stimulated by cross-linking their receptors with
complementary structures. If there are too many complementary structures,
steric hindrance prevents cross-linking. Stimulated cells proliferate and
secrete antibodies of the same idiotype as their receptors, unstimulated
lymphocytes die.
Depending on few parameters, the autonomous system evolves randomly towards
patterns of highly organized architecture, where the nodes can be classified
into groups according to their statistical properties. We observe and describe
analytically the building principles of these patterns, which allow to
calculate number and size of the node groups and the number of links between
them. The architecture of all patterns observed so far in simulations can be
explained this way. A tool for real-time pattern identification is proposed.Comment: 19 pages, 15 figures, 4 table
A Simple Cellular Automaton Model for Influenza A Viral Infections
Viral kinetics have been extensively studied in the past through the use of
spatially homogeneous ordinary differential equations describing the time
evolution of the diseased state. However, spatial characteristics such as
localized populations of dead cells might adversely affect the spread of
infection, similar to the manner in which a counter-fire can stop a forest fire
from spreading. In order to investigate the influence of spatial
heterogeneities on viral spread, a simple 2-D cellular automaton (CA) model of
a viral infection has been developed. In this initial phase of the
investigation, the CA model is validated against clinical immunological data
for uncomplicated influenza A infections. Our results will be shown and
discussed.Comment: LaTeX, 12 pages, 18 EPS figures, uses document class ReTeX4, and
packages amsmath and SIunit
Rhizomatic stories of representational faithfulness, decision making and control
There is a tendency in accounting theory, both external reporting and management
accounting, to express a representational ideal. This to be understood
in the sense that accounting information, independent on whether it is reported
externally or used for control purposes internally, ought to represent something
underlying, whether this is revenue, costs, performance or other things inscribed
in the accounting information. In some cases the underlying is not an object, but
a procedure which is developed with the purpose of standardising the calculations
as to become comparable (Financial Accounting Standards Board, 1980a).
In the beginning of the 1970’s in the accounting information literature, simultaneously
with the foundation of the American Financial Accounting Standards
Board (FASB), an academic discussion regarding which qualitative characteristics
accounting information ought to have, emerges (e.g. Ijiri, 1975, Hines, 1988
og Ingram and Rayburn, 1989). This was caused by FASB’s work on a conceptual
framework Standard of Financial Accounting Concepts (SFAC), which was
meant as a guide to the standard setters in the development of new accounting
standards/principles. A new notion, representational faithfulness, was introduced
in SFAC no. 2. The discussion about representational faithfulness is equivocal
and no unambiguous definition of what representational faithfulness actually is.
This has occasioned a range of dialogues about the representativity of accounting
information, the accounting setters’ roles and effects of disclosure of accounting
information..
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