430 research outputs found

    Finite element analysis of fretting crack propagation

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    In this work, the finite elements method (FEM) is used to analyse the growth of fretting cracks. FEM can be favourably used to extract the stress intensity factors in mixed mode, a typical situation for cracks growing in the vicinity of a fretting contact. The present study is limited to straight cracks which is a simple system chosen to develop and validate the FEM analysis. The FEM model is tested and validated against popular weight functions for straight cracks perpendicular to the surface. The model is then used to study fretting crack growth and understand the effect of key parameters such as the crack angle and the friction between crack faces. Predictions achieved by this analysis match the essential features of former experimental fretting results, in particular the average crack arrest length can be predicted accurately

    Dialects in animals: Evidence, development and potential functions

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    International audienceDialects are one of the parallels that have long been established between human language and animal communication. We discuss the potential functional parallels between human and animal dialects, arguing that in both cases different mechanisms and functions may be at stake where large geographical versus very localized (e.g. social) variations are concerned. Birdsong studies in particular, but also recent studies of mammal vocalizations, show that the use of the term “dialect” to refer to within-species vocal variations in animal species is more than a metaphor and that animal dialects offer a possibility to explore the causes and functions of linguistic variation and change, one of the challenges in exploring the origin of diversity of language families. We present here an original view, as our approach was not "primate-centered" and take into consideration “homoplasy” (analogy) as a potential mechanism to explain that different taxa have evolved the same functional response to social constraints

    Développement d'un programme d'intervention basé sur le modÚle de l'ouverture émotionnelle et évaluation de son impact sur le traitement affectif

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    Contexte thĂ©orique : L’importance du traitement affectif est actuellement largement reconnue, notamment dans les domaines de la santĂ© physique et psychique. C’est pourquoi, nous avons dĂ©veloppĂ© un programme d’intervention manualisĂ© de six sĂ©ances explicitement basĂ© sur un modĂšle du traitement Ă©motionnel empiriquement validĂ©, le modĂšle de l’ « Ouverture Emotionnelle », dans le but d’influencer positivement le traitement affectif et indirectement, la qualitĂ© de vie des participants. MĂ©thode : Les 102 adultes « tout-venant » de notre recherche ont Ă©tĂ© assignĂ©s dans les conditions contrĂŽles (i.e. sans intervention ou en attente d’intervention) ou expĂ©rimentales (i.e. avec intervention). Puis, ils ont rĂ©pondu Ă  trois reprises (i.e. prĂ©-test, post-test et suivi) Ă  des questionnaires portant sur le traitement affectif, Ă©valuĂ© notamment par le DOE-trait (Reicherts, 1999b, 2007) et le DOE-IT (Reicherts & Haymoz, 2011), ainsi que sur la qualitĂ© de vie, mesurĂ©e par le WHOQOL-Bref (Skevington, Lofty, & O’Connell, 2004). Les participants bĂ©nĂ©ficiant du programme d’intervention ont Ă©galement cĂŽtĂ© leur affectivitĂ© plusieurs fois par jour au moyen du DOE-self-monitoring, servant Ă  la fois d’outil de mesure et d’apprentissage. RĂ©sultats : La comparaison des deux conditions entre les trois points de mesure montre un effet multi-variĂ© significatif de notre intervention sur toutes les dimensions de l’Ouverture Emotionnelle prises ensemble. Le dĂ©tail des rĂ©sultats met en exergue un changement positif dans la capacitĂ© Ă  pouvoir distinguer ses Ă©tats affectifs et Ă  se les reprĂ©senter prĂ©cisĂ©ment (REPCOG) ainsi que dans la rĂ©gulation des Ă©motions (REGEMO), Ă©valuĂ©es par le DOE-trait. En ce qui concerne l’usage et l’efficacitĂ© des stratĂ©gies de rĂ©gulation des Ă©motions exercĂ©es en sĂ©ance et Ă©valuĂ©es par le DOE-IT, nous observons un changement positif dans l’usage de l’ « acceptation » et de la « dĂ©tente mentale » face Ă  un affect nĂ©gatif, dans l’efficacitĂ© perçue quant Ă  l’usage de la « dĂ©tente mentale » pour la gestion d’un affect nĂ©gatif ainsi que de la « dĂ©tente corporelle » pour un affect positif. Finalement, les rĂ©sultats obtenus au DOE-self-monitoring mettent en Ă©vidence une Ă©volution positive entre les points de mesure de la tendance Ă  rĂ©guler ses Ă©motions afin de les augmenter ou les maintenir (REGEMO_up) et Ă  percevoir les indicateurs corporels externes accompagnant le vĂ©cu affectif (PEREXT). En outre, les rĂ©sultats n’indiquent aucune influence de notre intervention sur la qualitĂ© de vie des participants. Conclusion : Les rĂ©sultats rĂ©vĂšlent globalement un impact positif de notre programme sur les dimensions susmentionnĂ©es, malgrĂ© l’absence de rĂ©sultats significatifs sur la qualitĂ© de vie. Au regard de ces rĂ©sultats encourageants, nous souhaitons adapter notre programme Ă  des Ă©chantillons cliniques, dont les difficultĂ©s en termes de traitement affectif sont rĂ©guliĂšrement reportĂ©es

    Combined XRF, XRD, SEM-EDS, and Raman Analyses on Serpentinized Harzburgite (Nickel Laterite Mine, New Caledonia): Implications for Exploration and Geometallurgy

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    International audienceDifferent techniques have been combined to determine the crystallography and the chemical composition of serpentinized harzburgite sampled in a drill core coming from the lower part of the New Caledonia ophiolite. Specifically, this serpentinized harzburgite is the common bedrock of most of the nickel laterite mines in New Caledonia. Most of the minerals present in serpentinized harzburgite were analyzed by Raman spectroscopy and XRD. In this study, Raman spectroscopy has been applied for the first time to estimate the nickel content in lizardite, forsterite, talc, and goethite. The analyses confirm that the major serpentine minerals show two varieties: (1) Ni-bearing lizardite and (2) Ni-free lizardite. Furthermore, Ni-rich forsterite, enstatite, Ni-rich talc, sepiolite, periclase (MgO), and quartz were detected. Additionally, Raman spectroscopy evidence minor phases not detected by XRD: anatase, rutile, pyrite, hematite, chromite, magnesiochromite, and Ni-rich goethite. Our results show that the Ni substitution is only present in lizardite exhibiting turbostratic-stacking disorder. This finding has potential for being used as an exploration tool using short-wave-infrared spectroscopy online or as a portable instrument, and for defining geometallurgical parameters for processing these complex ores

    Evaluation du projet de l’Association RĂ©seau Orientation SantĂ© Social (AROSS)

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    Dans le cadre des travaux de la planification mĂ©dico-sociale (PMS) du canton de NeuchĂątel et afin d’amĂ©liorer l’orientation des personnes ĂągĂ©es de plus de 65 ans dans le rĂ©seau socio-sanitaire du canton, le rapport « RĂ©seau et entretiens d’orientation » prĂ©conisait la crĂ©ation d’un dispositif d’information, d’orientation et de coordination Ă  l’échelle cantonale, portĂ©e par un Ă©tablissement autonome de droit public. La finalitĂ© annoncĂ©e de ce dispositif est « d’augmenter l’espĂ©rance de vie sans incapacitĂ© », par la dĂ©tection et la prise en charge prĂ©coce et adaptĂ©e des personnes prĂ©-fragiles et fragiles. Avant le dĂ©ploiement Ă  grande Ă©chelle de ce dispositif, l’État a souhaitĂ© l’expĂ©rimenter sur un territoire du canton. L’Association RĂ©seau Orientation SantĂ© Social (AROSS) a ainsi Ă©tĂ© crĂ©Ă©e en mars 2015 afin de promouvoir le dĂ©veloppement d’un rĂ©seau socio-sanitaire assurant l’information, l’orientation et l’efficience de l’accompagnement des personnes ĂągĂ©es de plus de 65 ans, dans une optique de continuitĂ© des soins. Un projet-pilote, sous la forme d’une structure d’information et d’orientation destinĂ©e aux personnes ĂągĂ©es, Ă  leurs proches et aux partenaires socio-sanitaires, a Ă©tĂ© mis en place depuis le 1er janvier 2016 sur les communes du Locle et des Brenets, puis Ă©tendu sur l’ensemble du district du Locle au 1er janvier 2017, afin de tester et valider l’approche

    The Herschel view of the dominant mode of galaxy growth from z=4 to the present day

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    We present an analysis of the deepest Herschel images in four major extragalactic fields GOODS-North, GOODS-South, UDS and COSMOS obtained within the GOODS-Herschel and CANDELS-Herschel key programs. The picture provided by 10497 individual far-infrared detections is supplemented by the stacking analysis of a mass-complete sample of 62361 star-forming galaxies from the CANDELS-HST H band-selected catalogs and from two deep ground-based Ks band-selected catalogs in the GOODS-North and the COSMOS-wide fields, in order to obtain one of the most accurate and unbiased understanding to date of the stellar mass growth over the cosmic history. We show, for the first time, that stacking also provides a powerful tool to determine the dispersion of a physical correlation and describe our method called "scatter stacking" that may be easily generalized to other experiments. We demonstrate that galaxies of all masses from z=4 to 0 follow a universal scaling law, the so-called main sequence of star-forming galaxies. We find a universal close-to-linear slope of the logSFR-logM* relation with evidence for a flattening of the main sequence at high masses (log(M*/Msun) > 10.5) that becomes less prominent with increasing redshift and almost vanishes by z~2. This flattening may be due to the parallel stellar growth of quiescent bulges in star-forming galaxies. Within the main sequence, we measure a non varying SFR dispersion of 0.3 dex. The specific SFR (sSFR=SFR/M*) of star-forming galaxies is found to continuously increase from z=0 to 4. Finally we discuss the implications of our findings on the cosmic SFR history and show that more than 2/3 of present-day stars must have formed in a regime dominated by the main sequence mode. As a consequence we conclude that, although omnipresent in the distant Universe, galaxy mergers had little impact in shaping the global star formation history over the last 12.5 Gyr

    Extracellular Bacterial Pathogen Induces Host Cell Surface Reorganization to Resist Shear Stress

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    Bacterial infections targeting the bloodstream lead to a wide array of devastating diseases such as septic shock and meningitis. To study this crucial type of infection, its specific environment needs to be taken into account, in particular the mechanical forces generated by the blood flow. In a previous study using Neisseria meningitidis as a model, we observed that bacterial microcolonies forming on the endothelial cell surface in the vessel lumen are remarkably resistant to mechanical stress. The present study aims to identify the molecular basis of this resistance. N. meningitidis forms aggregates independently of host cells, yet we demonstrate here that cohesive forces involved in these bacterial aggregates are not sufficient to explain the stability of colonies on cell surfaces. Results imply that host cell attributes enhance microcolony cohesion. Microcolonies on the cell surface induce a cellular response consisting of numerous cellular protrusions similar to filopodia that come in close contact with all the bacteria in the microcolony. Consistent with a role of this cellular response, host cell lipid microdomain disruption simultaneously inhibited this response and rendered microcolonies sensitive to blood flow–generated drag forces. We then identified, by a genetic approach, the type IV pili component PilV as a triggering factor of plasma membrane reorganization, and consistently found that microcolonies formed by a pilV mutant are highly sensitive to shear stress. Our study shows that bacteria manipulate host cell functions to reorganize the host cell surface to form filopodia-like structures that enhance the cohesion of the microcolonies and therefore blood vessel colonization under the harsh conditions of the bloodstream

    TLR9 activation induces normal neutrophil responses in a child with IRAK-4 deficiency: involvement of the direct PI3K pathway.

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    International audiencePolymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) play a key role in innate immunity. Their activation and survival are tightly regulated by microbial products via pattern recognition receptors such as TLRs, which mediate recruitment of the IL-1R-associated kinase (IRAK) complex. We describe a new inherited IRAK-4 deficiency in a child with recurrent pyogenic bacterial infections. Analysis of the IRAK4 gene showed compound heterozygosity with two mutations: a missense mutation in the death domain of the protein (pArg12Cys) associated in cis-with a predicted benign variant (pArg391His); and a splice site mutation in intron 7 that led to the skipping of exon 7. A nontruncated IRAK-4 protein was detected by Western blotting. The patient's functional deficiency of IRAK-4 protein was confirmed by the absence of IRAK-1 phosphorylation after stimulation with all TLR agonists tested. The patient's PMNs showed strongly impaired responses (L-selectin and CD11b expression, oxidative burst, cytokine production, cell survival) to TLR agonists which engage TLR1/2, TLR2/6, TLR4, and TLR7/8; in contrast, the patient's PMN responses to CpG-DNA (TLR9) were normal, except for cytokine production. The surprisingly normal effect of CpG-DNA on PMN functions and apoptosis disappeared after pretreatment with PI3K inhibitors. Together, these results suggest the existence of an IRAK-4-independent TLR9-induced transduction pathway leading to PI3K activation. This alternative pathway may play a key role in PMN control of infections by microorganisms other than pyogenic bacteria in inherited IRAK-4 deficiency

    Étude numĂ©rique des champs mĂ©caniques locaux dans les agrĂ©gats polycristallins sous chargements cycliques

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    Dans les piĂšces mĂ©caniques soumises Ă  des sollicitations cycliques, les dĂ©formations rĂ©pĂ©tĂ©es engendrent le phĂ©nomĂšne de fatigue. Dans le cas des polycristaux, on constate une localisation de ces dĂ©formations qui conduit Ă  la formation de fissures courtes dont l'amorçage et la micropropagation sont pilotĂ©s par les paramĂštres de la microstructure du matĂ©riau, comme l'orientation des grains et les joints de grains. Cette dĂ©pendance, associĂ©e aux multitudes de configurations microstructurales possibles, explique la forte dispersion des rĂ©sultats d'essais en fatigue. L'Ă©tude numĂ©rique proposĂ©e se base sur des calculs d'agrĂ©gats polycristallins par ÉlĂ©ments Finis avec un modĂšle de plasticitĂ© cristalline sous diffĂ©rentes conditions de chargements cycliques. Ces derniers sont rĂ©alisĂ©s sur des microstructures tridimensionnelles synthĂ©tiques (dĂ©composition de VoronoĂŻ) et rĂ©elles (EBSD avec polissages successifs). Plusieurs configurations d'orientations sont prises en compte afin de reproduire les effets de dispersion observĂ©s expĂ©rimentalement. Les rĂ©sultats des simulations sont analysĂ©s au cas par cas d'une part, et par traitement statistique d'autre part. L'objectif est de rendre compte de l'effet des paramĂštres de la microstructure, tels que le facteur de Schmid sur la formation des fissures courtes de fatigue. Les marches d'extrusion et intrusion en surface, considĂ©rĂ©s comme les sites critiques menant Ă  l'amorçage des fissures courtes, sont reproduites numĂ©riquement et comparĂ©es Ă  la microstructure rĂ©elle fissurĂ©e. La prĂ©diction de ces marches est en bonne concordance avec les observations expĂ©rimentales, dĂšs lors qu'elles apparaissent dans des grains assez larges en surface. On observe Ă©galement une nocivitĂ© accrue sous chargement Ă©quibiaxial. L'analyse des distributions des champs locaux permet d'analyser quantitativement l'hĂ©tĂ©rogĂ©nĂ©itĂ© des contraintes Ă  l'Ă©chelle locale
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