The influence of particle size and curing conditions on testing mineral trioxide aggregate cement

Objectives: To assess the effects on curing conditions (dry versus submerged curing) and particle size on the compressive strength (CS) and flexural strength (FS) of set MTA cement. Materials and methods: Two different Portland cements were created, P1 and P2, with P1 < P2 in particle size. These were then used to create two experimental MTA products, M1 and M2, with M1 < M2 in particle size. Particle size analysis was performed according to ISO 13320. The particle size at the 90th percentile (i.e. the larger particles) was P1: 15.2 μm, P2: 29.1 μm, M1: 16.5 μm, and M2: 37.1 μm. M2 was cured exposed to air, or submerged in fluids of pH 5.0, 7.2 (PBS), or 7.5 for 1 week. CS and FS of the set cement were determined using a modified ISO 9917-1 and ISO 4049 methods, respectively. P1, P2, M1 and M2 were cured in PBS at physiological pH (7.2) and likewise tested for CS and FS. Results: Curing under dry conditions gave a significantly lower CS than when cured in PBS. There was a trend for lower FS for dry versus wet curing. However, this did not reach statistical significance. Cements with smaller particle sizes showed greater CS and FS at 1 day than those with larger particle sizes. However, this advantage was lost over the following 1-3 weeks. Conclusions: Experiments that test the properties of MTA should cure the MTA under wet conditions and at physiological pH

Methodologies for measuring the setting times of mineral trioxide aggregate and Portland cement products used in dentistry

The current standard used to measure setting time for Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA) involves indentation testing with arbitrary weights. This study compared indentation testing against rheological measurements and assessed the influences of particle size and the inclusion of bismuth oxide on the setting time of experimental MTA and Portland cement (PC). Two PCs (P1 and P2) of different particle sizes were produced using the same clinker. From these two PCs, two experimental MTAs (M1 and M2) were created with the addition of bismuth oxide. Particle size distributions were assessed using laser diffraction analysis. Indentation setting time tests were performed in accordance to the Gillmore needle test. Elastic modulus was assessed using a strain-controlled rheometer at 1 rad s and an applied strain of 0.01%. P1, P2, M1 and M2 cements had median particle sizes of 6.1, 12.5, 6.5 and 13.0 μm, respectively. Using indentation testing, final setting times were ranked P1 < M1 < P2 < M2. The ranking of the final setting time corresponded with the rheological assessment of time required to reach 95% of the elastic modulus plateau. The time to reach 95% elastic modulus plateau of 9.3 min corresponds to a time close to the point where the material can be overlaid with another restorative material to give a final restoration. The 95% plateau value for elastic modulus may be a more useful parameter for determining how the setting reaction of PC and MTA cements progress over time

Deconvolution of the particle size distribution of ProRoot MTA and MTA Angelus

Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) cements contain two types of particles, namely Portland cement (PC) (nominally 80% w/w) and bismuth oxide (BO) (20%). This study aims to determine the particle size distribution (PSD) of PC and BO found in MTA. The PSDs of ProRoot MTA (MTA-P) and MTA Angelus (MTA-A) powder were determined using laser diffraction, and compared to samples of PC (at three different particle sizes) and BO. The non-linear least squares method was used to deconvolute the PSDs into the constituents. MTA-P and MTA-A powders were also assessed with scanning electron microscopy. BO showed a near Gaussian distribution for particle size, with a mode distribution peak at 10.48 μm. PC samples milled to differing degrees of fineness had mode distribution peaks from 19.31 down to 4.88 μm. MTA-P had a complex PSD composed of both fine and large PC particles, with BO at an intermediate size, whereas MTA-A had only small BO particles and large PC particles. The PSD of MTA cement products is bimodal or more complex, which has implications for understanding how particle size influences the overall properties of the material. Smaller particles may be reactive PC or unreactive radiopaque agent. Manufacturers should disclose particle size information for PC and radiopaque agents to prevent simplistic conclusions being drawn from statements of average particle size for MTA materials

Rhinocerebral mucormycosis treated with 32 gram liposomal amphotericin B and incomplete surgery: a case report

BACKGROUND: Mucormycosis (or zygomycosis) is the term for infection caused by fungi of the order Mucorales. Mucoraceae may produce severe disease in susceptible individuals, notably patients with diabetes and leukemia. Rhinocerebral mucormycosis most commonly manifests itself in the setting of poorly controlled diabetes, especially with ketoacidosis. CASE PRESENTATION: A 31-year-old diabetic man presented to the outpatient clinic with the following signs and symptoms: headache, periorbital pain, swelling and loss of vision in the right eye. On physical examination his right eye was red and swollen. There was periorbital cellulitis and the conjunctiva was edematous. KOH preparation of purulent discharge showed broad, ribbonlike, aseptate hyphae when examined under a fluorescence microscope. Cranial MRI showed involvement of the right orbit, thrombosis in cavernous sinus and infiltrates at ethmoid and maxillary sinuses. Mucormycosis was diagnosed based on these findings. Amphotericin B (AmBisome(®); 2 mg/kg.d) was initiated after the test doses. Right orbitectomy and right partial maxillectomy were performed; the lesions in ethmoid and maxillary sinuses were removed. The duration of the liposomal amphotericin B therapy was approximately 6 months and the total dose of liposomal amphotericin B used was 32 grams. Liposomal amphotericin B therapy was stopped six months later and oral fluconazole was started. CONCLUSIONS: Although a total surgical debridement of the lesions could not be performed, it is remarkable that regression of the disease could be achieved with medical therapy alone

MagnetOs, Vitoss, and Novabone in a Multi-endpoint Study of Posterolateral Fusion: A True Fusion or Not?

Study Design:This study was a multi-endpoint analysis of bone graft substitutes implanted as a standalone graft in a clinically relevant Ovine model of instrumented posterolateral spinal fusion (PLF).Objective:The objective of this study was to obtain high-quality evidence on the efficacy of commercial bone graft substitutes compared with autograft in instrumented PLF using a state-of-the-art model with a complete range of assessment techniques.Summary of Background Data:Preclinical and clinical data on the quality of spinal fusions obtained with bone graft substitutes are often limited. Calcium phosphates with submicron topography have shown promising results in PLF, as these are able to induce bone formation in tissues distant from the host bone, which facilitates bony union.Methods:Nine female, skeletally mature sheep (4-5 y) underwent posterior pedicle screw/rods instrumented PLF at L2-L3 and L4-L5 using the following bone graft materials as a standalone graft per spinal segment: (1) biphasic calcium phosphate with submicron topography (BCPμ), (2) 45S5 Bioglass (BG), and (3) collagen-β-tricalcium phosphate with a 45S5 Bioglass adjunct (TCP/BG). Autograft bone (AB) was used as a positive control treatment. Twelve weeks after implantation, the spinal segments were evaluated by fusion assessment (manual palpation, x-ray, micro-computed tomography, and histology), fusion mass volume quantification (micro-computed tomography), range of motion (ROM) testing, histologic evaluation, and histomorphometry.Results:Fusion assessment revealed equivalence between AB and BCPμ by all fusion assessment methods, whereas BG and TCP/BG led to significantly inferior results. Fusion mass volume was highest for BCPμ, followed by AB, BG, and TCP/BG. ROM testing determined equivalence for spinal levels treated with AB and BCPμ, while BG and TCP/BG exhibited higher ROM. Histologic evaluation revealed substantial bone formation in the intertransverse regions for AB and BCPμ, whereas BG and TCP/BG grafts contained fibrous tissue and minimal bone formation. Histologic observations were supported by the histomorphometry data.Conclusions:This study reveals clear differences in efficacy between commercially available bone graft substitutes, emphasizing the importance of clinically relevant animal models with multiendpoint analyses for the evaluation of bone graft materials. The results corroborate the efficacy of calcium phosphate with submicron topography, as this was the only material that showed equivalent performance to autograft in achieving spinal fusion

B cell receptor accessory molecule CD79α : characterisation and expression analysis in a cartilaginous fish, the spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias)

Copyright © 2013. Published by Elsevier Ltd.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Trends in qualitative research in language teaching since 2000

This paper reviews developments in qualitative research in language teaching since the year 2000, focusing on its contributions to the field and identifying issues that emerge. Its aims are to identify those areas in language teaching where qualitative research has the greatest potential and indicate what needs to be done to further improve the quality of its contribution. The paper begins by highlighting current trends and debates in the general area of qualitative research and offering a working definition of the term. At its core is an overview of developments in the new millennium based on the analysis of papers published in 15 journals related to the field of language teaching and a more detailed description, drawn from a range of sources, of exemplary contributions during that period. Issues of quality are also considered, using illustrative cases to point to aspects of published research that deserve closer attention in future work, and key publications on qualitative research practice are reviewed

Ground Dwelling Ants as Surrogates for Establishing Conservation Priorities in the Australian Wet Tropics

This study aims to identify a set of areas with high biodiversity value over a small spatial scale within the Australian Wet Tropics. We identified sites of high biodiversity value across an altitudinal gradient of ground dwelling ant communities using three measures of biodiversity. The three measures considered were estimated species richness, complementarity between sites and evolutionary history. The latter measure was derived using the systematic nomenclature of the ants to infer a surrogate phylogeny. The goal of conservation assessments could then be achieved by choosing the most diverse site combinations. This approach was found to be valuable for identifying the most diverse site combinations across an altitudinal gradient that could ensure the preservation of terrestrial ground dwelling invertebrates in the Australian Wet Tropics

Ground Dwelling Ants as Surrogates for Establishing Conservation Priorities in the Australian Wet Tropics

This study aims to identify a set of areas with high biodiversity value over a small spatial scale within the Australian Wet Tropics. We identified sites of high biodiversity value across an altitudinal gradient of ground dwelling ant communities using three measures of biodiversity. The three measures considered were estimated species richness, complementarity between sites and evolutionary history. The latter measure was derived using the systematic nomenclature of the ants to infer a surrogate phylogeny. The goal of conservation assessments could then be achieved by choosing the most diverse site combinations. This approach was found to be valuable for identifying the most diverse site combinations across an altitudinal gradient that could ensure the preservation of terrestrial ground dwelling invertebrates in the Australian Wet Tropics

Lotus japonicus NOOT-BOP-COCH-LIKE1 is essential for nodule, nectary, leaf and flower development

[EN] The NOOT-BOP-COCH-LIKE (NBCL) genes are orthologs of Arabidopsis thaliana BLADE-ON-PETIOLE1/2. The NBCLs are developmental regulators essential for plant shaping, mainly through the regulation of organ boundaries, the promotion of lateral organ differentiation and the acquisition of organ identity. In addition to their roles in leaf, stipule and flower development, NBCLs are required for maintaining the identity of indeterminate nitrogen-fixing nodules with persistent meristems in legumes. In legumes forming determinate nodules, without persistent meristem, the roles of NBCL genes are not known. We thus investigated the role of Lotus japonicus NOOT-BOP-COCH-LIKE1 (LjNBCL1) in determinate nodule identity and studied its functions in aerial organ development using LORE1 insertional mutants and RNA interference-mediated silencing approaches. In Lotus, LjNBCL1 is involved in leaf patterning and participates in the regulation of axillary outgrowth. Wild-type Lotus leaves are composed of five leaflets and possess a pair of nectaries at the leaf axil. Legumes such as pea and Medicago have a pair of stipules, rather than nectaries, at the base of their leaves. In Ljnbcl1, nectary development is abolished, demonstrating that nectaries and stipules share a common evolutionary origin. In addition, ectopic roots arising from nodule vascular meristems and reorganization of the nodule vascular bundle vessels were observed on Ljnbcl1 nodules. This demonstrates that NBCL functions are conserved in both indeterminate and determinate nodules through the maintenance of nodule vascular bundle identity. In contrast to its role in floral patterning described in other plants, LjNBCL1 appears essential for the development of both secondary inflorescence meristem and floral meristem.This work was supported by the CNRS and by the grants ANR-14-CE19-0003 (NOOT) from the Agence National de la Recherche (ANR) to PR. This work has benefited from the facilities and expertise of the Servicio de Microscopia Electronica Universitat Politecnica de Valencia (Spain, http://www.upv.es/entidades/SME/) and of the IMAGIF Cell Biology Unit of the Gif campus (France, www.imagif.cnrs.fr) which is supported by the Conseil General de l'Essonne. The authors thank Dr Mathias Brault from the Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (France) for providing the pFRN: RNAi plasmid, A. rhizogenes ARqua1 strain and control GUS:RNAi construction, and Dr Simona Radutoiu from the University of Aarhus (Denmark), for providing the Na-Borate/TRIZOL RNA extraction protocol. We are grateful to Dr Cristina Ferrandiz from the Instituto de Biologia Molecular y Celular de Plantas (Spain) for help in interpreting the identity of the meristems in the SEM pictures and Professor Frederique Guinel from the University of Wilfrid Laurier (Canada) for help in interpreting the identity of L. japonicus nodule vascular tissues. We thank Dr Julie Hofer from the University of Auckland (New Zealand), for manuscript revision and English language polishing.Magne, K.; George, J.; Berbel Tornero, A.; Broquet, B.; Madueño Albi, F.; Andersen, S.; Ratet, P. (2018). Lotus japonicus NOOT-BOP-COCH-LIKE1 is essential for nodule, nectary, leaf and flower development. The Plant Journal. 94(5):880-894. https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.13905S880894945Aida, M., & Tasaka, M. (2006). Genetic control of shoot organ boundaries. Current Opinion in Plant Biology, 9(1), 72-77. doi:10.1016/j.pbi.2005.11.011Aida, M., & Tasaka, M. (2006). Morphogenesis and Patterning at the Organ Boundaries in the Higher Plant Shoot Apex. Plant Molecular Biology, 60(6), 915-928. doi:10.1007/s11103-005-2760-7Aida, M., Ishida, T., Fukaki, H., Fujisawa, H., & Tasaka, M. (1997). Genes involved in organ separation in Arabidopsis: an analysis of the cup-shaped cotyledon mutant. The Plant Cell, 9(6), 841-857. doi:10.1105/tpc.9.6.841AKASAKA, Y. (1998). Morphological Alterations and Root Nodule Formation inAgrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated Transgenic Hairy Roots of Peanut (Arachis hypogaeaL.). Annals of Botany, 81(2), 355-362. doi:10.1006/anbo.1997.0566Benlloch, R., Berbel, A., Ali, L., Gohari, G., Millán, T., & Madueño, F. (2015). Genetic control of inflorescence architecture in legumes. Frontiers in Plant Science, 6. doi:10.3389/fpls.2015.00543Berbel, A., Ferrándiz, C., Hecht, V., Dalmais, M., Lund, O. S., Sussmilch, F. C., … Madueño, F. (2012). VEGETATIVE1 is essential for development of the compound inflorescence in pea. Nature Communications, 3(1). doi:10.1038/ncomms1801Blázquez, M. A., Ferrándiz, C., Madueño, F., & Parcy, F. (2006). How Floral Meristems are Built. Plant Molecular Biology, 60(6), 855-870. doi:10.1007/s11103-006-0013-zBrown, S. M., Oparka, K. J., Sprent, J. I., & Walsh, K. B. (1995). Symplastic transport in soybean root nodules. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 27(4-5), 387-399. doi:10.1016/0038-0717(95)98609-rChen, Y., Chen, W., Li, X., Jiang, H., Wu, P., Xia, K., … Wu, G. (2013). Knockdown of LjIPT3 influences nodule development in Lotus japonicus. Plant and Cell Physiology, 55(1), 183-193. doi:10.1093/pcp/pct171Cho, E., & Zambryski, P. C. (2011). ORGAN BOUNDARY1defines a gene expressed at the junction between the shoot apical meristem and lateral organs. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(5), 2154-2159. doi:10.1073/pnas.1018542108Couzigou, J.-M., & Ratet, P. (2015). NOOT-Dependent Control of Nodule Identity: Nodule Homeosis and Merirostem Perturbation. Biological Nitrogen Fixation, 487-498. doi:10.1002/9781119053095.ch49Couzigou, J.-M., Zhukov, V., Mondy, S., Abu el Heba, G., Cosson, V., Ellis, T. H. N., … Ratet, P. (2012). NODULE ROOT and COCHLEATA Maintain Nodule Development and Are Legume Orthologs of Arabidopsis BLADE-ON-PETIOLE Genes. The Plant Cell, 24(11), 4498-4510. doi:10.1105/tpc.112.103747Couzigou, J.-M., Magne, K., Mondy, S., Cosson, V., Clements, J., & Ratet, P. (2015). The legume NOOT-BOP-COCH-LIKE genes are conserved regulators of abscission, a major agronomical trait in cultivated crops. New Phytologist, 209(1), 228-240. doi:10.1111/nph.13634Czechowski, T., Stitt, M., Altmann, T., Udvardi, M. K., & Scheible, W.-R. (2005). Genome-Wide Identification and Testing of Superior Reference Genes for Transcript Normalization in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiology, 139(1), 5-17. doi:10.1104/pp.105.063743Dong, Z., Zhao, Z., Liu, C., Luo, J., Yang, J., Huang, W., … Luo, D. (2005). Floral Patterning in Lotus japonicus. Plant Physiology, 137(4), 1272-1282. doi:10.1104/pp.104.054288Ehrhardt, D., Atkinson, E., & Long. (1992). Depolarization of alfalfa root hair membrane potential by Rhizobium meliloti Nod factors. Science, 256(5059), 998-1000. doi:10.1126/science.10744524Feng, X., Zhao, Z., Tian, Z., Xu, S., Luo, Y., Cai, Z., … Luo, D. (2006). Control of petal shape and floral zygomorphy in Lotus japonicus. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 103(13), 4970-4975. doi:10.1073/pnas.0600681103Ferguson, B. J., & Reid, J. B. (2005). Cochleata: Getting to the Root of Legume Nodules. Plant and Cell Physiology, 46(9), 1583-1589. doi:10.1093/pcp/pci171Ferraioli, S., Tatè, R., Rogato, A., Chiurazzi, M., & Patriarca, E. J. (2004). Development of Ectopic Roots from Abortive Nodule Primordia. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions®, 17(10), 1043-1050. doi:10.1094/mpmi.2004.17.10.1043Franssen, H. J., Xiao, T. T., Kulikova, O., Wan, X., Bisseling, T., Scheres, B., & Heidstra, R. (2015). Root developmental programs shape the Medicago truncatula nodule meristem. Development, 142(17), 2941-2950. doi:10.1242/dev.120774Gonzalez-Rizzo, S., Crespi, M., & Frugier, F. (2006). The Medicago truncatula CRE1 Cytokinin Receptor Regulates Lateral Root Development and Early Symbiotic Interaction with Sinorhizobium meliloti. The Plant Cell, 18(10), 2680-2693. doi:10.1105/tpc.106.043778Gourion, B., Sulser, S., Frunzke, J., Francez-Charlot, A., Stiefel, P., Pessi, G., … Fischer, H.-M. (2009). The PhyR-σEcfGsignalling cascade is involved in stress response and symbiotic efficiency inBradyrhizobium japonicum. Molecular Microbiology, 73(2), 291-305. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2009.06769.xGourlay, C. W., Hofer, J. M. I., & Ellis, T. H. N. (2000). Pea Compound Leaf Architecture Is Regulated by Interactions among the Genes UNIFOLIATA, COCHLEATA, AFILA, and TENDRIL-LESS. The Plant Cell, 12(8), 1279-1294. doi:10.1105/tpc.12.8.1279Guether, M., Balestrini, R., Hannah, M., He, J., Udvardi, M. K., & Bonfante, P. (2009). Genome-wide reprogramming of regulatory networks, transport, cell wall and membrane biogenesis during arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis in Lotus japonicus. New Phytologist, 182(1), 200-212. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02725.xGuinel, F. C. (2009). Getting around the legume nodule: I. The structure of the peripheral zone in four nodule types. Botany, 87(12), 1117-1138. doi:10.1139/b09-074Ha, C. M. (2003). The BLADE-ON-PETIOLE 1 gene controls leaf pattern formation through the modulation of meristematic activity in Arabidopsis. Development, 130(1), 161-172. doi:10.1242/dev.00196Ha, C. M., Jun, J. H., Nam, H. G., & Fletcher, J. C. (2004). BLADE-ON-PETIOLE1 Encodes a BTB/POZ Domain Protein Required for Leaf Morphogenesis in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant and Cell Physiology, 45(10), 1361-1370. doi:10.1093/pcp/pch201Ha, C. M., Jun, J. H., Nam, H. G., & Fletcher, J. C. (2007). BLADE-ON-PETIOLE1 and 2 Control Arabidopsis Lateral Organ Fate through Regulation of LOB Domain and Adaxial-Abaxial Polarity Genes. The Plant Cell, 19(6), 1809-1825. doi:10.1105/tpc.107.051938Handberg, K., & Stougaard, J. (1992). Lotus japonicus, an autogamous, diploid legume species for classical and molecular genetics. The Plant Journal, 2(4), 487-496. doi:10.1111/j.1365-313x.1992.00487.xHepworth, S. R., & Pautot, V. A. (2015). Beyond the Divide: Boundaries for Patterning and Stem Cell Regulation in Plants. Frontiers in Plant Science, 6. doi:10.3389/fpls.2015.01052Hepworth, S. R., Zhang, Y., McKim, S., Li, X., & Haughn, G. W. (2005). BLADE-ON-PETIOLE–Dependent Signaling Controls Leaf and Floral Patterning in Arabidopsis. The Plant Cell, 17(5), 1434-1448. doi:10.1105/tpc.104.030536Hepworth, S. R., Klenz, J. E., & Haughn, G. W. (2005). UFO in the Arabidopsis inflorescence apex is required for floral-meristem identity and bract suppression. Planta, 223(4), 769-778. doi:10.1007/s00425-005-0138-3Hibara, K., Karim, M. R., Takada, S., Taoka, K., Furutani, M., Aida, M., & Tasaka, M. (2006). Arabidopsis CUP-SHAPED COTYLEDON3 Regulates Postembryonic Shoot Meristem and Organ Boundary Formation. The Plant Cell, 18(11), 2946-2957. doi:10.1105/tpc.106.045716Høgslund, N., Radutoiu, S., Krusell, L., Voroshilova, V., Hannah, M. A., Goffard, N., … Stougaard, J. (2009). Dissection of Symbiosis and Organ Development by Integrated Transcriptome Analysis of Lotus japonicus Mutant and Wild-Type Plants. PLoS ONE, 4(8), e6556. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0006556JARVIS, B. D. W., PANKHURST, C. E., & PATEL, J. J. (1982). Rhizobium loti, a New Species of Legume Root Nodule Bacteria. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, 32(3), 378-380. doi:10.1099/00207713-32-3-378Karim, M. R., Hirota, A., Kwiatkowska, D., Tasaka, M., & Aida, M. (2009). A Role for Arabidopsis PUCHI in Floral Meristem Identity and Bract Suppression. The Plant Cell, 21(5), 1360-1372. doi:10.1105/tpc.109.067025Khan, M., Xu, M., Murmu, J., Tabb, P., Liu, Y., Storey, K., … Hepworth, S. R. (2011). Antagonistic Interaction of BLADE-ON-PETIOLE1 and 2 with BREVIPEDICELLUS and PENNYWISE Regulates Arabidopsis Inflorescence Architecture. Plant Physiology, 158(2), 946-960. doi:10.1104/pp.111.188573Koch, B., & Evans, H. J. (1966). Reduction of Acetylene to Ethylene by Soybean Root Nodules. Plant Physiology, 41(10), 1748-1750. doi:10.1104/pp.41.10.1748Krall, L., Wiedemann, U., Unsin, G., Weiss, S., Domke, N., & Baron, C. (2002). Detergent extraction identifies different VirB protein subassemblies of the type IV secretion machinery in the membranes of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 99(17), 11405-11410. doi:10.1073/pnas.172390699Kumagai, H., & Kouchi, H. (2003). Gene Silencing by Expression of Hairpin RNA in Lotus japonicus Roots and Root Nodules. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions®, 16(8), 663-668. doi:10.1094/mpmi.2003.16.8.663Levin, J. Z., & Meyerowitz, E. M. (1995). UFO: an Arabidopsis gene involved in both floral meristem and floral organ development. The Plant Cell, 7(5), 529-548. doi:10.1105/tpc.7.5.529Long, J., & Barton, M. K. (2000). Initiation of Axillary and Floral Meristems in Arabidopsis. Developmental Biology, 218(2), 341-353. doi:10.1006/dbio.1999.9572Małolepszy, A., Mun, T., Sandal, N., Gupta, V., Dubin, M., Urbański, D., … Andersen, S. U. (2016). The LORE 1 insertion mutant resource. The Plant Journal, 88(2), 306-317. doi:10.1111/tpj.13243McKim, S. M., Stenvik, G.-E., Butenko, M. A., Kristiansen, W., Cho, S. K., Hepworth, S. R., … Haughn, G. W. (2008). The BLADE-ON-PETIOLE genes are essential for abscission zone formation in Arabidopsis. Development, 135(8), 1537-1546. doi:10.1242/dev.012807Mun, T., Bachmann, A., Gupta, V., Stougaard, J., & Andersen, S. U. (2016). Lotus Base: An integrated information portal for the model legume Lotus japonicus. Scientific Reports, 6(1). doi:10.1038/srep39447Norberg, M. (2005). The BLADE ON PETIOLE genes act redundantly to control the growth and development of lateral organs. Development, 132(9), 2203-2213. doi:10.1242/dev.01815Okamoto, S., Yoro, E., Suzaki, T., & Kawaguchi, M. (2013). Hairy Root Transformation in Lotus japonicus. BIO-PROTOCOL, 3(12). doi:10.21769/bioprotoc.795Oldroyd, G. E. D. (2013). Speak, friend, and enter: signalling systems that promote beneficial symbiotic associations in plants. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 11(4), 252-263. doi:10.1038/nrmicro2990Oldroyd, G. E. D., & Downie, J. A. (2008). Coordinating Nodule Morphogenesis with Rhizobial Infection in Legumes. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 59(1), 519-546. doi:10.1146/annurev.arplant.59.032607.092839Pate, J. S., Gunning, B. E. S., & Briarty, L. G. (1969). Ultrastructure and functioning of the transport system of the leguminous root nodule. Planta, 85(1), 11-34. doi:10.1007/bf00387658Ping, J., Liu, Y., Sun, L., Zhao, M., Li, Y., She, M., … Ma, J. (2014). Dt2 Is a Gain-of-Function MADS-Domain Factor Gene That Specifies Semideterminacy in Soybean. The Plant Cell, 26(7), 2831-2842. doi:10.1105/tpc.114.126938Quandt, H.-J. (1993). Transgenic Root Nodules ofVicia hirsuta:A Fast and Efficient System for the Study of Gene Expression in Indeterminate-Type Nodules. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 6(6), 699. doi:10.1094/mpmi-6-699Roux, B., Rodde, N., Jardinaud, M.-F., Timmers, T., Sauviac, L., Cottret, L., … Gamas, P. (2014). An integrated analysis of plant and bacterial gene expression in symbiotic root nodules using laser-capture microdissection coupled to RNA sequencing. The Plant Journal, 77(6), 817-837. doi:10.1111/tpj.12442Schultz, E. A., & Haughn, G. W. (1991). LEAFY, a Homeotic Gene That Regulates Inflorescence Development in Arabidopsis. The Plant Cell, 771-781. doi:10.1105/tpc.3.8.771Sinharoy, S., & DasGupta, M. (2009). RNA Interference Highlights the Role of CCaMK in Dissemination of Endosymbionts in the Aeschynomeneae Legume Arachis. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions®, 22(11), 1466-1475. doi:10.1094/mpmi-22-11-1466Soltis, D. E., Soltis, P. S., Morgan, D. R., Swensen, S. M., Mullin, B. C., Dowd, J. M., & Martin, P. G. (1995). Chloroplast gene sequence data suggest a single origin of the predisposition for symbiotic nitrogen fixation in angiosperms. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 92(7), 2647-2651. doi:10.1073/pnas.92.7.2647Soyano, T., Kouchi, H., Hirota, A., & Hayashi, M. (2013). NODULE INCEPTION Directly Targets NF-Y Subunit Genes to Regulate Essential Processes of Root Nodule Development in Lotus japonicus. PLoS Genetics, 9(3), e1003352. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1003352Suzaki, T., Yoro, E., & Kawaguchi, M. (2015). Leguminous Plants: Inventors of Root Nodules to Accommodate Symbiotic Bacteria. International Review of Cell and Molecular Biology, 111-158. doi:10.1016/bs.ircmb.2015.01.004Takeda, S., Hanano, K., Kariya, A., Shimizu, S., Zhao, L., Matsui, M., … Aida, M. (2011). CUP-SHAPED COTYLEDON1 transcription factor activates the expression of LSH4 and LSH3, two members of the ALOG gene family, in shoot organ boundary cells. The Plant Journal, 66(6), 1066-1077. doi:10.1111/j.1365-313x.2011.04571.xTavakol, E., Okagaki, R., Verderio, G., Shariati J., V., Hussien, A., Bilgic, H., … Rossini, L. (2015). The Barley Uniculme4 Gene Encodes a BLADE-ON-PETIOLE-Like Protein That Controls Tillering and Leaf Patterning. Plant Physiology, 168(1), 164-174. doi:10.1104/pp.114.252882Udvardi, M., & Poole, P. S. (2013). Transport and Metabolism in Legume-Rhizobia Symbioses. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 64(1), 781-805. doi:10.1146/annurev-arplant-050312-120235Van de Velde, W., Guerra, J. C. P., Keyser, A. D., De Rycke, R., Rombauts, S., Maunoury, N., … Goormachtig, S. (2006). Aging in Legume Symbiosis. A Molecular View on Nodule Senescence in Medicago truncatula. Plant Physiology, 141(2), 711-720. doi:10.1104/pp.106.078691Verdier, J., Torres-Jerez, I., Wang, M., Andriankaja, A., Allen, S. N., He, J., … Udvardi, M. K. (2013). Establishment of theLotus japonicusGene Expression Atlas (LjGEA) and its use to explore legume seed maturation. The Plant Journal, 74(2), 351-362. doi:10.1111/tpj.12119WALSH, K. B., McCULLY, M. E., & CANNY, M. J. (1989). Vascular transport and soybean nodule function: nodule xylem is a blind alley, not a throughway. Plant, Cell and Environment, 12(4), 395-405. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3040.1989.tb01955.xWang, Q., Hasson, A., Rossmann, S., & Theres, K. (2015). Divide et impera : boundaries shape the plant body and initiate new meristems. New Phytologist, 209(2), 485-498. doi:10.1111/nph.13641Weng, L., Tian, Z., Feng, X., Li, X., Xu, S., Hu, X., … Yang, J. (2011). Petal Development in Lotus japonicus. Journal of Integrative Plant Biology, 53(10), 770-782. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7909.2011.01072.xWerner, G. D. A., Cornwell, W. K., Sprent, J. I., Kattge, J., & Kiers, E. T. (2014). A single evolutionary innovation drives the deep evolution of symbiotic N2-fixation in angiosperms. Nature Communications, 5(1). doi:10.1038/ncomms5087Wopereis, J., Pajuelo, E., Dazzo, F. B., Jiang, Q., Gresshoff, P. M., de Bruijn, F. J., … Szczyglowski, K. (2000). Short root mutant of Lotus japonicus with a dramatically altered symbiotic phenotype. The Plant Journal, 23(1), 97-114. doi:10.1046/j.1365-313x.2000.00799.xWu, X.-M., Yu, Y., Han, L.-B., Li, C.-L., Wang, H.-Y., Zhong, N.-Q., … Xia, G.-X. (2012). The Tobacco BLADE-ON-PETIOLE2 Gene Mediates Differentiation of the Corolla Abscission Zone by Controlling Longitudinal Cell Expansion. Plant Physiology, 159(2), 835-850. doi:10.1104/pp.112.193482Xu, M., Hu, T., McKim, S. M., Murmu, J., Haughn, G. W., & Hepworth, S. R. (2010). Arabidopsis BLADE-ON-PETIOLE1 and 2 promote floral meristem fate and determinacy in a previously undefined pathway targeting APETALA1 and AGAMOUS-LIKE24. The Plant Journal, 63(6), 974-989. doi:10.1111/j.1365-313x.2010.04299.xXu, C., Park, S. J., Van Eck, J., & Lippman, Z. B. (2016). Control of inflorescence architecture in tomato by BTB/POZ transcriptional regulators. Genes & Development, 30(18), 2048-2061. doi:10.1101/gad.288415.116Yaxley, J. (2001). Leaf and Flower Development in Pea (Pisum sativum L.): Mutants cochleata andunifoliata. Annals of Botany, 88(2), 225-234. doi:10.1006/anbo.2001.1448Žádníková, P., & Simon, R. (2014). How boundaries control plant development. Current Opinion in Plant Biology, 17, 116-125. doi:10.1016/j.pbi.2013.11.013Zhang, S., Sandal, N., Polowick, P. L., Stiller, J., Stougaard, J., & Fobert, P. R. (2003). Proliferating Floral Organs (Pfo ), a Lotus japonicus gene required for specifying floral meristem determinacy and organ identity, encodes an F-box protein. The Plant Journal, 33(4), 607-619. doi:10.1046/j.1365-313x.2003.01660.