PPARα Ligands as Antitumorigenic and Antiangiogenic Agents

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) belong to the nuclear receptor family of ligand-activated transcription factors. This subfamily is composed of three members—PPARα, PPARδ, and PPARγ—that differ in their cell and tissue distribution as well as in their target genes. PPARα is abundantly expressed in liver, brown adipose tissue, kidney, intestine, heart, and skeletal muscle; and its ligands have been used to treat diseases such as obesity and diabetes. The recent finding that members of the PPAR family, including the PPARα, are expressed by tumor and endothelial cells together with the observation that PPAR ligands regulate cell growth, survival, migration, and invasion, suggested that PPARs also play a role in cancer. In this review, we focus on the contribution of PPARα to tumor and endothelial cell functions and provide compelling evidence that PPARα can be viewed as a new class of ligand activated tumor “suppressor” gene with antiangiogenic and antitumorigenic activities. Given that PPAR ligands are currently used in medicine as hypolipidemic drugs with excellent tolerance and limited toxicity, PPARα activation might offer a novel and potentially low-toxic approach for the treatment of tumor-associated angiogenesis and cancer

Euclid preparation: XXVI The Euclid Morphology Challenge: Towards structural parameters for billions of galaxies

Artículo escrito por un elevado número de autores, solo se referencian el que aparece en primer lugar, el nombre del grupo de colaboración, si le hubiere, y los autores pertenecientes a la UAMThe various Euclid imaging surveys will become a reference for studies of galaxy morphology by delivering imaging over an unprecedented area of 15 000 square degrees with high spatial resolution. In order to understand the capabilities of measuring morphologies from Euclid-detected galaxies and to help implement measurements in the pipeline of the Organisational Unit MER of the Euclid Science Ground Segment, we have conducted the Euclid Morphology Challenge, which we present in two papers. While the companion paper focusses on the analysis of photometry, this paper assesses the accuracy of the parametric galaxy morphology measurements in imaging predicted from within the Euclid Wide Survey. We evaluate the performance of five state-of-the-art surface-brightness-fitting codes, DeepLeGATo, Galapagos-2, Morfometryka, ProFit and SourceXtractor++, on a sample of about 1.5 million simulated galaxies (350 000 above 5s) resembling reduced observations with the Euclid VIS and NIR instruments. The simulations include analytic Sérsic profiles with one and two components, as well as more realistic galaxies generated with neural networks. We find that, despite some code-specific differences, all methods tend to achieve reliable structural measurements (< 10% scatter on ideal Sérsic simulations) down to an apparent magnitude of about IE = 23 in one component and IE = 21 in two components, which correspond to a signal-to-noise ratio of approximately 1 and 5, respectively. We also show that when tested on non-analytic profiles, the results are typically degraded by a factor of 3, driven by systematics. We conclude that the official Euclid Data Releases will deliver robust structural parameters for at least 400 million galaxies in the Euclid Wide Survey by the end of the mission. We find that a key factor for explaining the different behaviour of the codes at the faint end is the set of adopted priors for the various structural parameter

The Dark Energy Survey Bright Arcs Survey: Candidate strongly lensed galaxy systems from the dark energy survey 5000 square degree footprint

Artículo escrito por un elevado número de autores, solo se referencian el que aparece en primer lugar, el nombre del grupo de colaboración, si le hubiere, y los autores pertenecientes a la UAMWe report the combined results of eight searches for strong gravitational lens systems in the full 5000 square degrees of Dark Energy Survey (DES) observations. The observations accumulated by the end of the third observing season fully covered the DES footprint in five filters (grizY), with an i-band limiting magnitude (at 10σ) of 23.44. In four searches, a list of potential candidates was identified using a color and magnitude selection from the object catalogs created from the first three observing seasons. Three other searches were conducted at the locations of previously identified galaxy clusters. Cutout images of potential candidates were then visually scanned using an object viewer. An additional set of candidates came from a data-quality check of a subset of the color-coadd tiles created from the full DES six-season data set. A short list of the most promising strong-lens candidates was then numerically ranked according to whether or not we judged them to be bona fide strong gravitational lens systems. These searches discovered a diverse set of 247 strong-lens candidate systems, of which 81 are identified for the first time. We provide the coordinates, magnitudes, and photometric properties of the lens and source objects, and an estimate of the Einstein radius for 81 new systems and 166 previously reported systems. This catalog will be of use for selecting interesting systems for detailed follow up, studies of galaxy cluster and group mass profiles, as well as a training/validation set for automated strong-lens searche

Associations between objectively measured and self‐reported sleep with academic and cognitive performance in adolescents: DADOS study

Adequate sleep has been positively related with health and school achievement out-comes during adolescence. The aim of this study was to investigate the associations ofobjectively measured and self‐reported sleep duration and quality with academic andcognitive performance in adolescents. This study was conducted with 257 adolescents(13.9 ± 0.3 years) from the DADOS study (Deporte, ADOlescencia y Salud). Objec-tively measured and self‐reported sleep duration and quality were obtained by a wrist‐worn GENEActiv accelerometer and the Spanish version of Pittsburgh Sleep QualityIndex questionnaire, respectively. Academic performance was analysed through schoolrecords using four indicators: math, language, science and grade point average score.Cognitive performance was measured using the Spanish version of the“SRA Test ofEducational Ability”. After Benjamini–Hochberg correction for the false discovery rate,objectively measured sleep duration was negatively associated with verbal ability (β=−0.179,p= .004), whilst self‐reported sleep quality was positively associated withacademic performance (βranging from 0.209 to 0.273; allp<.001). These associationsremained significant after further controlling for physical fitness and physical activity.Conversely, there were no associations between self‐reported sleep duration andobjective sleep quality with academic and cognitive performance. Our findings fit inline with previous research showing that sleep quality may play an important role onadolescents’academic performance. Further interventional research is needed to clar-ify the mechanisms by which sleep is related to academic performance in youth

Euclid preparation: XIII. Forecasts for galaxy morphology with the Euclid Survey using deep generative models

Artículo escrito por un elevado número de autores, sólo se referencian el que aparece en primer lugar, los autores pertenecientes a la UAM y el nombre del grupo de colaboración, si lo hubiere.We present a machine learning framework to simulate realistic galaxies for the Euclid Survey, producing more complex and realistic galaxies than the analytical simulations currently used in Euclid. The proposed method combines a control on galaxy shape parameters offered by analytic models with realistic surface brightness distributions learned from real Hubble Space Telescope observations by deep generative models. We simulate a galaxy field of 0.4 deg2 as it will be seen by the Euclid visible imager VIS, and we show that galaxy structural parameters are recovered to an accuracy similar to that for pure analytic Sérsic profiles. Based on these simulations, we estimate that the Euclid Wide Survey (EWS) will be able to resolve the internal morphological structure of galaxies down to a surface brightness of 22.5 mag arcsec-2, and the Euclid Deep Survey (EDS) down to 24.9 mag arcsec-2. This corresponds to approximately 250 million galaxies at the end of the mission and a 50% complete sample for stellar masses above 1010.6 M (resp. 109.6 M) at a redshift z ∼ 0.5 for the EWS (resp. EDS). The approach presented in this work can contribute to improving the preparation of future high-precision cosmological imaging surveys by allowing simulations to incorporate more realistic galaxie

A search of the full six years of the dark energy survey for outer solar system objects

Artículo escrito por un elevado número de autores, solo se referencian el que aparece en primer lugar, el nombre del grupo de colaboración, si le hubiere, y los autores pertenecientes a la UAMWe present a search for outer solar system objects in the 6 yr of data from the Dark Energy Survey (DES). The DES covered a contiguous 5000 deg2 of the southern sky with ≈80,000 3 deg2 exposures in the grizY filters between 2013 and 2019. This search yielded 812 trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs), one Centaur and one Oort cloud comet, 458 reported here for the first time. We present methodology that builds upon our previous search on the first 4 yr of data. All images were reprocessed with an optimized detection pipeline that leads to an average completeness gain of 0.47 mag per exposure, as well as improved transient catalog production and algorithms for linkage of detections into orbits. All objects were verified by visual inspection and by the "sub-threshold significance," the signal-to-noise ratio in the stack of images in which its presence is indicated by the orbit, but no detection was reported. This yields a pure catalog complete to r ≈ 23.8 mag and distances 29 150 au, q > 30 au) are consistent with the null hypothesis of azimuthal isotropy; and nonresonant TNOs with q > 38 au, a > 50 au show a significant tendency to be sunward of major mean-motion resonance

Longevity, body dimension and reproductive mode drive differences in aquatic versus terrestrial life-history strategies

1. Aquatic and terrestrial environments display stark differences in key environmental factors and phylogenetic composition but their consequences for the evolution of species' life-history strategies remain poorly understood. 2. Here, we examine whether and how life-history strategies vary between terrestrial and aquatic species. We use demographic information for 685 terrestrial and 122 aquatic animal and plant species to estimate key life-history traits. We then use phylogenetically corrected least squares regression to explore potential differences in trade-offs between life-history traits between both environments. We contrast life-history strategies of aquatic versus terrestrial species in a principal component analysis while accounting for body dimensions and phylogenetic relationships. 3. Our results show that the same trade-offs structure terrestrial and aquatic life histories, resulting in two dominant axes of variation that describe species' pace of life and reproductive strategies. Terrestrial plants display a large diversity of strategies, including the longest-lived species in this study. Aquatic animals exhibit higher reproductive frequency than terrestrial animals. When correcting for body size, mobile and sessile terrestrial organisms show slower paces of life than aquatic ones. 4. Aquatic and terrestrial species are ruled by the same life-history trade-offs, but have evolved different strategies, likely due to distinct environmental selective pressures. Such contrasting life-history strategies have important consequences for the conservation and management of aquatic and terrestrial species

Trans-neptunian objects found in the first four years of the dark energy survey

Artículo escrito por un elevado número de autores, sólo se referencian el que aparece en primer lugar, los autores pertenecientes a la UAM y el nombre del grupo de colaboración, si lo hubiereWe present a catalog of 316 trans-Neptunian bodies (TNOs) detected from the first four seasons ("Y4"data) of the Dark Energy Survey (DES). The survey covers a contiguous 5000 deg2 of the southern sky in the grizY optical/NIR filter set, with a typical TNO in this part of the sky being targeted by 25-30 Y4 exposures. This paper focuses on the methods used to detect these objects from the ≈60,000 Y4 exposures, a process made challenging by the absence of the few-hour repeat observations employed by TNO-optimized surveys. Newly developed techniques include: transient/moving object detection by comparison of single-epoch catalogs to catalogs of "stacked"images; quantified astrometric error from atmospheric turbulence; new software for detecting TNO linkages in a temporally sparse transient catalog, and for estimating the rate of spurious linkages; use of faint stars to determine the detection efficiency versus magnitude in all exposures. Final validation of the reality of linked orbits uses a new "sub-threshold confirmation"test, wherein we demand the object be detectable in a stack of the exposures in which the orbit indicates an object should be present, but was not individually detected. This catalog contains all validated TNOs which were detected on ≥6 unique nights in the Y4 data, and is complete to r ≲ 23.3 mag with virtually no dependence on orbital properties for bound TNOs at distance 30 au 0.3 mag more depth, and arcs of >4 yr for nearly all detectionsThe DES participants from Spanish institutions are partially supported by MINECO under grants AYA2015-71825, ESP2015-66861, FPA2015-68048, SEV2016-0588, SEV-2016-0597, and MDM-2015-0509, some of which include ERDF funds from the European Union. IFAE is partially funded by the CERCA program of the Generalitat de Catalunya. Research leading to these results has received funding from the European Research Council under the European Union’s Seventh Framework Program (FP7/2007-2013) including ERC grant agreements 240672, 291329, and 30647

Influence of bainite morphology on impact toughness of continuously cooled cementite free bainitic steels

The influence of bainite morphology on the impact toughness behaviour of continuously cooled cementite-free low carbon bainitic steels has been examined. In these steels, bainitic microstructures formed mainly by lath-like upper bainite, consisting of thin and long parallel ferrite laths, were shown to exhibit higher impact toughness values than those with a granular bainite, consisting of equiaxed ferrite structure and discrete island of marteniste/austenite (M/A) constituent. Results suggest that the mechanism of brittle fracture of cementite-free bainitic steels involves nucleation of microcracks in M/A islands but is controlled by the bainite packet sizeSpanish Ministry of Science and Innovation for financial support in the form of a PhD research grant (FPI grant under the project no. MAT2007-63873)Peer reviewe

Is diffuse intracluster light a good tracer of the galaxy cluster matter distribution?

Artículo escrito por un elevado número de autores, solo se referencian el que aparece en primer lugar, el nombre del grupo de colaboración, si le hubiere, y los autores pertenecientes a la UA