Contrôle spatio-temporel de la division cellulaire par les nœuds corticaux médians organisés par Cdr2 chez la levure S. pombe

The aim of this PhD work is to bring a better understanding of the regulatory mechanism controlling cell division in space and time at the molecular level. Cell division is composed of mitosis and cytokinesis. Both processes need to be perfectly coordinated in order to guarantee genome integrity. Cell division also needs to be properly balanced with cell growth to maintain cell size constant during successive cell cycles. Temporal and spatial regulatory mechanisms ensure the coordination of these events. The fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe is a simple rod-shaped model organism well-known for cell cycle and cytokinesis studies. In this model, we focused the work of this thesis on the medial cortical nodes, complexe protein structures that have a dual role in mitotic commitment and in division plane positioning. Medial cortical nodes are organized by the SAD kinase Cdr2. Their localization and function is negatively regulated by the DYRK kinase Pom1 that forms a gradient emanating from the cell tips. Medial cortical nodes contain an inhibitory pathway for Wee1, promoting mitotic entry. This pathway involves the SAD kinase Cdr1, a direct inhibitor of Wee1 and has been proposed to couple mitotic entry to cell size by progressive alleviation of Pom1 inhibition when cells grow longer. Cdr2 also recruits to medial nodes the anillin Mid1 as well as a series of four additional components, Blt1, Gef2, Nod1 and Klp8, to form medial precursors for the cytokinetic contractile ring that compact into a tight ring during mitosis. Nodes medial localization, negatively controlled by Pom1 gradients, predefines thereby the division plane in the cell geometrical center. In a first part of my thesis, I studied the previously enigmatic cortical node protein Blt1. We showed that Blt1 promotes the robust association of Mid1 with cortical nodes. Blt1 interacts with Mid1 through the RhoGEF Gef2 to stabilize nodes at the cell cortex during the early stages of contractile ring assembly. The Blt1 N terminus is required for localization and function, while the Blt1 C terminus promotes cortical localization by interacting with phospholipids. In cells lacking membrane binding by both Mid1 and Blt1, nodes detach from the cell cortex and generate aberrant cytokinetic rings. We conclude that Blt1 acts as a scaffolding protein for precursors of the cytokinetic ring and that Blt1 and Mid1 provide overlapping membrane anchors for proper division plane positioning. In the second part of my thesis, I studied how Cdr2 scaffolds various nodes components to organize them in functional pathways promoting mitotic commitment and medial division. I showed that Cdr2 interaction with Wee1 and Mid1, depends on Cdr2 UBA domain in a kinase activity dependent manner. In contrast, Cdr1 associates with Cdr2 C-terminus composed of basic and KA-1 lipid-binding domains. Interestingly, Mid1 also interacts with Cdr2 C-terminus and may the bridge N- and C-terminal domains of Cdr2 while Blt1 associates with the central spacer region. We propose that the association of Cdr2 effectors with different Cdr2 domains may constrain Cdr1 and Wee1 spatially to promote Wee1 inhibition upon Cdr2 kinase activation.Le but de ces travaux de thèse est d’apporter une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes de régulation contrôlant la division cellulaire au niveau moléculaire. La division cellulaire est composée de la mitose et la cytocinèse. Les deux processus doivent être coordonnés étroitement afin de garantir la stabilité du génome. La division cellulaire doit aussi s’équilibrer avec la croissance cellulaire pour que les cellules conservent une taille constante au cours des cycles successifs. La levure S. pombe est un organisme modèle simple très utilisé pour des études de cycle cellulaire et de cytocinèse. Dans ce modèle, nous avons focalisé ce travail de thèse sur les nœuds corticaux médians, des structures protéiques complexes, qui ont une fonction double dans l’engagement en mitose et dans le positionnement du plan de division. Les nœuds médians corticaux sont organisés par la kinase SAD Cdr2. Leur localisation et leur fonction sont régulées négativement pour la DYRK kinase Pom1 qui forme des gradients émanant des extrémités de la cellule. Les nœuds corticaux médians contiennent une voie d’inhibition pour Wee1 qui promeut l’entrée en mitose. Cette voie implique la kinase SAD Cdr1, un inhibiteur direct de Wee1 et pourrait coupler l’entrée en mitose à la taille de la cellule par levée progressive de l’inhibition exercée par Pom1 quand les cellules s’allongent. Cdr2 recrute aussi l’anillin Mid1 sur les nœuds corticaux médians ainsi qu’une série de composants additionnels, Blt1, Gef2, Nod1 et Klp8, pour former des précurseurs médians de l’anneau contractile de cytocinèse qui se compactent en un anneau fin pendant la mitose. La localisation médiane des nœuds, contrôlée négativement par les gradients polaires de Pom1 prédéfinit ainsi le plan de division au centre géométrique de la cellule. Dans la première partie de ma thèse, j’ai étudié la protéine des nœuds corticaux médians Blt1 dont la fonction restait énigmatique. Nous avons montré que Blt1 promeut une association robuste de Mid1 avec les nœuds corticaux. Blt1 interagit avec Mid1 via le RhoGEF Gef2 pour stabiliser les nœuds au cortex cellulaire durant les premiers stades de l’assemblage de l’anneau contractile. L’extrémité N-terminale de Blt1 est nécessaire à sa localisation ainsi qu’à sa fonction, tandis que son extrémité C-terminale favorise sa localisation au cortex en interagissant avec des phospholipides. Dans des cellules dans lesquelles ni Mid1 ni Blt1 ne peuvent s’attacher à la membrane, les nœuds se détachent du cortex et génèrent des anneaux contractiles de cytocinèse aberrants. Nous en avons conclu que Blt1 agit comme une protéine d’échafaudage pour les précurseurs de l’anneau contractile, et que Blt1 et Mid1 constituent des ancres membranaires redondantes pour le positionnement du plan de division. Dans une deuxième partie de ma thèse, j’ai étudié comment Cdr2 organise les différents composants des nœuds en voies fonctionnelles qui favorisent l’entrée en mitose et la division médiane. J’ai montré que l’interaction de Cdr2 avec Wee1 et Mid1 dépend du domaine UBA de Cdr2 de manière dépendante de l’activité kinase. En revanche, Cdr1 s’associe avec l’extrémité C-terminale de Cdr2, composée des domaines basique et KA1 d’association aux lipides membranaires. De manière intéressante, Mid1 interagit également avec l’extrémité C-terminale de Cdr2 et pourrait ponter les parties N- et C-terminales de Cdr2, alors que Blt1 s’associe à la région centrale de Cdr2. Nous faisons l’hypothèse que l’association des effecteurs de Cdr2 avec différents domaines de Cdr2 pourraient contraindre Cdr1 et Wee1 spatialement pour promouvoir l'inhibition de Wee1 quand la kinase Cdr2 est active

Role of rare earth sites and vacancies in the anomalous compression of modulated scheelite tungstates

X-ray powder diffraction experiments at high pressures combining conventional sources and synchrotron radiation, together with theoretical simulations have allowed us to study the anomalous compression of the entire α-RE2(WO4)3 (RE = La-Ho) family with modulated scheelite structure (α phase). The investigated class of materials is of great interest due to their peculiar structural behavior with temperature and pressure, which is highly sought after for specialized high-tech applications. Experimental data were analyzed using full-profile refinements and were complemented with computational methods based on density functional theory (DFT) total energy calculations for a subset of the samples investigated. An unusual change in the compression curves of the lattice parameters a, c, and β was observed in both the experiments and theoretical simulations. In particular, in all the studied compounds the lattice parameter a decreased with pressure to a minimum value and then increased upon further compression. Pressure evolution of the experimental x-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns and cell parameters is correlated with the ionic radius of the rare earth element: (1) the lighter La-Nd tungstates underwent two phase transitions, and both transition pressures decreased as the rare earth's ionic radius increased. The XRD patterns of the first high pressure phase could be indexed with propagation vectors parallel to the a axis (tripling the unit cell). At higher pressures, the lattice parameters for the second phase (referred to as the preamorphous phase) showed little variation with pressure. (2) The heavier tungstates, from Sm to Dy, undergo a transition to the preamorphous phase without any intermediate phase. The reversibility of both phase transitions was investigated. DFT calculations support this unusual response of the crystal structures under pressure and shed light on the structural mechanism of negative linear compressibility (NLC) and the resulting softening. The pressure dependence of the structural modifications is related to tilting, along with small elongation and alignment, of the WO2−4 tetrahedrons. These changes correlate with those in the alternating RE…RE…RE chains and blocks of cationic vacancies arranged along the a axis. Possible stacking defects, which emerge between them, helped to explain this anomalous compression and the pressure induced amorphization. Such mechanisms were compared with other ferroelastic families of molybdates, niobates, vanadates, and other compounds with similar structural motifs classified as having “hinge frames.

Effect of pressure on La-2(WO4)(3) with a modulated scheelite-type structure

We have studied the effect of pressure on the structural and vibrational properties of lanthanum tritungstate La2(WO4)3. This compound crystallizes under ambient conditions in the modulated scheelite-type structure known as the α phase. We have performed x-ray diffraction and Raman scattering measurements up to a pressure of 20 GPa, as well as ab initio calculations within the framework of the density functional theory. Up to 5 GPa, the three methods provide a similar picture of the evolution under pressure of α-La2(WO4)3. At 5 GPa, we begin to observe some structural changes, and above 6 GPa we find that the x-ray patterns cannot be indexed as a single phase. However, we find that a mixture of two phases with C2/c symmetry accounts for all diffraction peaks. Our ab initio study confirms the existence of several C2/c structures, which are very close in energy in this compression range. According to our measurements, a state with medium-range order appears at pressures above 9 and 11 GPa, from x-ray diffraction and Raman experiments, respectively. Based upon our theoretical calculations we propose several high-pressure candidates with high cationic coordinations at these pressures. The compound evolves into a partially amorphous phase at pressures above 20 GPa.We acknowledge the financial support of the Spanish Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad under Grants MAT2010-21270-C04-02/03/04, CTQ2009-14596-C02-01, CSD2007-00045 and the Comunidad de Madrid and European Social Fund S2009/PPQ-1551-4161893. Access to the MALTA Cluster Computer (Universidad de Oviedo), the Atlante Super-computer (Instituto Tecnologico de Canarias, Red Espanola de Supercomputacion), and the MALTA Xcalibur Diffractometer (Universidad Complutense de Madrid) is gratefully acknowledged. C. G. A. wishes to thank the Agencia Canaria de Investigacion, Innovacion y Sociedad de la Informacion, and the European Social Fund of the Gobierno de Canarias for a fellowship. J.A.S. acknowledges financial support through the Juan de la Cierva fellowship program.Sabalisck, N.; Lopez Solano, J.; Guzmán-Afonso, C.; Santamaría Pérez, D.; González-Silgo, C.; Mújica, A.; Muñoz, A.... (2014). Effect of pressure on La-2(WO4)(3) with a modulated scheelite-type structure. Physical Review B (Condensed Matter). 89:1741121-17411211. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.89.174112S17411211741121189Maczka, M., Souza Filho, A. G., Paraguassu, W., Freire, P. T. C., Mendes Filho, J., & Hanuza, J. (2012). Pressure-induced structural phase transitions and amorphization in selected molybdates and tungstates. Progress in Materials Science, 57(7), 1335-1381. doi:10.1016/j.pmatsci.2012.01.001Boulahya, K., Parras, M., & González-Calbet, J. M. (2005). A Structural Study of the Solid Solution Eu2(Mo1-xWx)3O12. 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Computer Physics Communications, 180(12), 2622-2633. doi:10.1016/j.cpc.2009.03.010Sabalisck, N., Mestres, L., Vendrell, X., Cerdeiras, E., Santamaría, D., Lavin, V., … Guzman-Afonso, M. C. (2011). Amorphization in rare earth tungstates with modulated scheelite-type structure under pressure. Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations of Crystallography, 67(a1), C504-C505. doi:10.1107/s0108767311087228Logvinovich, D., Arakcheeva, A., Pattison, P., Eliseeva, S., Tomeš, P., Marozau, I., & Chapuis, G. (2010). Crystal Structure and Optical and Magnetic Properties of Pr2(MoO4)3. Inorganic Chemistry, 49(4), 1587-1594. doi:10.1021/ic9019876Garg, N., Murli, C., Tyagi, A. K., & Sharma, S. M. (2005). Phase transitions inSc2(WO4)3under high pressure. Physical Review B, 72(6). doi:10.1103/physrevb.72.064106Belsky, A., Hellenbrandt, M., Karen, V. L., & Luksch, P. (2002). New developments in the Inorganic Crystal Structure Database (ICSD): accessibility in support of materials research and design. 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Crohn's Disease Increases the Mesothelial Properties of Adipocyte Progenitors in the Creeping Fat

Our understanding of the interplay between human adipose tissue and the immune system is limited. The mesothelium, an immunologically active structure, emerged as a source of visceral adipose tissue. After investigating the mesothelial properties of human visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue and their progenitors, we explored whether the dysfunctional obese and Crohn's disease environments influence the mesothelial/mesenchymal properties of their adipocyte precursors, as well as their ability to mount an immune response. Using a tandem transcriptomic/proteomic approach, we evaluated the mesothelial and mesenchymal expression profiles in adipose tissue, both in subjects covering a wide range of body-mass indexes and in Crohn's disease patients. We also isolated adipose tissue precursors (adipose-derived stem cells, ASCs) to assess their mesothelial/mesenchymal properties, as well as their antigen-presenting features. Human visceral tissue presented a mesothelial phenotype not detected in the subcutaneous fat. Only ASCs from mesenteric adipose tissue, named creeping fat, had a significantly higher expression of the hallmark mesothelial genes mesothelin (MSLN) and Wilms' tumor suppressor gene 1 (WT1), supporting a mesothelial nature of these cells. Both lean and Crohn's disease visceral ASCs expressed equivalent surface percentages of the antigen-presenting molecules human leucocyte antigen-DR isotype (HLA-DR) and CD86. However, lean-derived ASCs were predominantly HLA-DR dim, whereas in Crohn's disease, the HLA-DR bright subpopulation was increased 3.2-fold. Importantly, the mesothelial-enriched Crohn's disease precursors activated CD4 + T-lymphocytes. Our study evidences a mesothelial signature in the creeping fat of Crohn's disease patients and its progenitor cells, the latter being able to present antigens and orchestrate an immune respons

Effect of pressure on La2(WO4)3 with a modulated scheelite-type structure

We have studied the effect of pressure on the structural and vibrational properties of lanthanum tritungstate La2(WO4)3. This compound crystallizes under ambient conditions in the modulated scheelite-type structure known as the α phase. We have performed x-ray diffraction and Raman scattering measurements up to a pressure of 20 GPa, as well as ab initio calculations within the framework of the density functional theory. Up to 5 GPa, the three methods provide a similar picture of the evolution under pressure of α-La2(WO4)3. At 5 GPa, we begin to observe some structural changes, and above 6 GPa we find that the x-ray patterns cannot be indexed as a single phase. However, we find that a mixture of two phases with C2/c symmetry accounts for all diffraction peaks. Our ab initio study confirms the existence of several C2/c structures, which are very close in energy in this compression range. According to our measurements, a state with medium-range order appears at pressures above 9 and 11 GPa, from x-ray diffraction and Raman experiments, respectively. Based upon our theoretical calculations we propose several high-pressure candidates with high cationic coordinations at these pressures. The compound evolves into a partially amorphous phase at pressures above 20 GPa

Impaired mRNA splicing and proteostasis in preadipocytes in obesity-related metabolic disease

Preadipocytes are crucial for healthy adipose tissue expansion. Preadipocyte differentiation is altered in obese individuals, which has been proposed to contribute to obesity-associated metabolic disturbances. Here, we aimed at identifying the pathogenic processes underlying impaired adipocyte differentiation in obese individuals with insulin resistance (IR)/type 2 diabetes (T2D). We report that down-regulation of a key member of the major spliceosome, PRFP8/PRP8, as observed in IR/T2D preadipocytes from subcutaneous (SC) fat, prevented adipogenesis by altering both the expression and splicing patterns of adipogenic transcription factors and lipid droplet-related proteins, while adipocyte differentiation was restored upon recovery of PRFP8/PRP8 normal levels. Adipocyte differentiation was also compromised under conditions of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated protein degradation (ERAD) hyperactivation, as occurs in SC and omental (OM) preadipocytes in IR/T2D obesity. Thus, targeting mRNA splicing and ER proteostasis in preadipocytes could improve adipose tissue function and thus contribute to metabolic health in obese individuals.Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades/FEDER (BFU2013-44229‐R, BFU2016‐76711‐R, BFU2017‐90578‐REDT to MMM; RTI2018-093919-B-I00 to SF-V); Consejería de Salud y Bienestar Social/Junta de Andalucía/FEDER (PI‐0200/2013 to MMM; PI‐0159‐2016 to RG‐R); Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII)/FEDER (PIE14/00005 to JL‐M and MMM; PI16/00264 to RML; PI17/0153 to JV); Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria/ISCIII/FEDER Miguel Servet tenure-track program (CP10 /00438, CPII16/00008 to SF-V); Research Plan of University of Córdoba (Mod 2.5, 2019 to RG-R); Co-funded by European Regional Development Fund/European Social Fund "Investing in your future"; and Consejería de Economía, Conocimiento, Empresas y universidad/Junta de Andalucía/FEDER (BIO-0139). CIBEROBN is an initiative of the ISCIII, Spain.Ye

Impacts of diffuse urban stressors on stream benthic communities and ecosystem functioning: A review

Catchment urbanisation results in urban streams being exposed to a multitude of stressors. Notably, stressors originating from diffuse sources have received less attention than stressors originating from point sources. Here, advances related to diffuse urban stressors and their consequences for stream benthic communities are summarised by reviewing 92 articles. Based on the search criteria, the number of articles dealing with diffuse urban stressors in streams has been increasing, and most of them focused on North America, Europe, and China. Land use was the most common measure used to characterize diffuse stressor sources in urban streams (70.7 % of the articles characterised land use), and chemical stressors (inorganic nutrients, xenobiotics, metals, and water properties, including pH and conductivity) were more frequently reported than physical or biological stressors. A total of 53.3 % of the articles addressed the impact of urban stressors on macroinvertebrates, while 35.9 % focused on bacteria, 9.8 % on fungi, and 8.7 % on algae. Regarding ecosystem functions, almost half of the articles (43.5 %) addressed changes in community dynamics, 40.3 % addressed organic matter decomposition, and 33.9 % addressed nutrient cycling. When comparing urban and non-urban streams, the reviewed studies suggest that urbanisation negatively impacts the diversity of benthic organisms, leading to shifts in community composition. These changes imply functional degradation of streams. The results of the present review summarise the knowledge gained to date and identify its main gaps to help improve our understanding of urban streams.This study has received funding from the Iberian Association of Limnology (AIL) through the project URBIFUN (Urbanization effects on the relationship between microbial biodiversity and ecosystem functioning), awarded to Míriam Colls and Ferran Romero. Authors thank as well the Basque Government (Consolidated Research Group IT951-16) and the MERLIN project 101036337 – H2020-LC-GD-2020/H2020-LC-GD-2020-3.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio