Risk perception of medicinal marijuana in medical students from northeast Mexico [version 1; referees: awaiting peer review]

Background. Several studies have shown support from the public toward the use of medicinal marijuana. In this cross-sectional study, we assess the risk perception to medicinal marijuana in a sample of medical students. Methods. To estimate risk perception, a visual scale that ranges from 0 cm (without risk) to 10 cm (totally risky) was used. Risk  perception was expressed as the median of the cm marked over the scale. Differences among groups was tested with the Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests, as appropriate. Results. 283 students participated in the study. Risk perception to medicinal marijuana was 4.22, paracetamol 1.56 and sedatives 5.0. A significant difference in risk perception was observed in those that self-reported to smoke and consume alcohol. Conclusions. Risk perception of medicinal marijuana is 4.22 in medical students of northeast of Mexico. Students may underestimate its adverse effects. More studies with respect to this are needed

Comparative serology techniques for the diagnosis of Trypanosoma cruzi infection in a rural population from the state of Querétaro, Mexico

Immunological diagnostic methods for Trypanosoma cruzi depend specifically on the presence of antibodies and parasitological methods lack sensitivity during the chronic and “indeterminate” stages of the disease. This study performed a serological survey of 1,033 subjects from 52 rural communities in 12 of the 18 municipalities in the state of Querétaro, Mexico. We detected anti-T. cruzi antibodies using the following tests: indirect haemagglutination assay (IHA), indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA), ELISA and recombinant ELISA (rELISA). We also performed Western blot (WB) analysis using iron superoxide dismutase (FeSOD), a detoxifying enzyme excreted by the parasite, as the antigen. Positive test results were distributed as follows: ELISA 8%, rELISA 6.2%, IFA and IHA 5.4% in both cases and FeSOD 8%. A comparative study of the five tests was undertaken. Sensitivity levels, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, concordance percentage and kappa index were considered. Living with animals, trips to other communities, gender, age, type of housing and symptomatology at the time of the survey were statistically analysed using SPSS software v.11.5. Detection of the FeSOD enzyme that was secreted by the parasite and used as an antigenic fraction in WBs showed a 100% correlation with traditional ELISA tests

Infection of Kissing Bugs with Trypanosoma cruzi, Tucson, Arizona, USA

A survey of triatomine insects found that 41.5% were infected with the causative agent of Chagas disease

Comparative evaluation of 11 commercialized rapid diagnostic tests for detecting Trypanosoma cruzi antibodies in serum banks in areas of endemicity and nonendemicity

Chagas disease is one of the main public health issues in Latin America. Increasingly during the past few decades, Trypanosoma cruzi infection has been detected in North America, Europe, and the Western Pacific, mainly as a result of population movement. The limited availability of rapid serological diagnostic tests hinders rapid diagnosis and early treatment in areas of endemicity and nonendemicity. In collaboration with 11 national reference laboratories (NRLs) from different geographical areas, we evaluated the performances of commercialized serological rapid diagnostic tests (RDT) for T. cruzi infection. Eleven commercialized T. cruzi infection RDTs were evaluated on a total of 474 samples extensively tested with at least three different techniques for Chagas disease, maintained at controlled low temperatures, and stored in the serum banks of the 11 NRLs. We measured the sensitivity, specificity, and concordance of each RDT and provided an additional questionnaire to evaluate its ease of use. The selected RDTs in this study were performed under controlled laboratory conditions. Out of the 11 RDTs, we found 8 of them to be useful, with the cassette format favored over the strip. We did not observe significant differences in RDT performances in the different regions. Overall, the performance results were lower than those disclosed by the manufacturers. The results of this evaluation validate the possibility of using RDTs to diagnose Chagas disease, thereby decreasing the time to treatment at a primary health care facility for patients who are willing to be treated. Further studies should be conducted in the laboratory and in the field to confirm these data, expressly to evaluate reproducibility in resource-limited settings, or using whole blood in clinical settings in areas of endemicity and nonendemicity

Volatile diterpene emission by two Mediterranean Cistaceae shrubs

Mediterranean vegetation emits a wide range of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) among which isoprenoids present quantitatively the most important compound class. Here, we investigated the isoprenoid emission from two Mediterranean Cistaceae shrubs, Halimium halimifolium and Cistus ladanifer, under controlled and natural conditions, respectively. For the first time, diurnal emission patterns of the diterpene kaurene were detected in real-time by Proton-Transfer-Reaction-Timeof- Flight-Mass-Spectrometer. Kaurene emissions were strongly variable among H. halimifolium plants, ranging from 0.01 ± 0.003 to 0.06 ± 0.01 nmol m−2 s−1 in low and high emitting individuals, respectively. They were in the same order of magnitude as monoterpene (0.01 ± 0.01 to 0.11 ± 0.04 nmol m−2 s−1) and sesquiterpene (0.01 ± 0.01 to 0.52 nmol m−2 s−1) emission rates. Comparable range and variability was found for C. ladanifer under natural conditions. Labelling with 13C-pyruvate suggested that emitted kaurene was not derived from de novo biosynthesis. The high kaurene content in leaves, the weak relationship with ecophysiological parameters and the tendency of higher emissions with increasing temperatures in the field indicate an emission from storage pools. This study highlights significant emissions of kaurene from two Mediterranean shrub species, indicating that the release of diterpenes into the atmosphere should probably deserve more attention in the futureinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

Auditoria de seguridad

ABSTRACT The present study evaluated the telematic safety that offers the voice, data and video network of the Experimental Faculty of Science (FEC) at the University of Zulia (LUZ). We performed an internal security auditory of the Telematic Service, on the area where it is managed and distributed the main service of RedFEC: Grano de Oro Building. A report generated by the unit of Computer Services and Telematics of the FEC was used as starting point, which focuses on the current status of the network, including the period from 2004 to 2006. The PIATTINI and DEL PESO methodology was used, applying as recollection tool, structured interviews with the heads of each area that have physical presence in Grano de Oro Building. An approach provided by ISO 17799-2005 was applied, covering 10 domains of control: Security policies, organizational structure, classification and control of assets; Security-related personnel; Physical and environmental security, management and communications operations; Access Control; Development and maintenance of systems; Management Business continuity; Compliance. The assessment tool partnered the 10 domains of control with 8 service areas: Compliance with regulations and standards; OS, Software, Communications and networking; Database; Processes; Applications; Physics. This association was a variant of the model proposed by BRACHO and SILVA, as a methodology for selecting collaborative tools. The results showed that the security offered based on the compliance of the different elements to protect the services that are administered from and to the Grano de Oro Building was 75.14%. Finally, a plan of action was exposed that enables to correct and prevent potential problems in the short, medium and long term.La presente investigación evaluó la seguridad telemática que ofrece la red de voz, datos y video de la Facultad Experimental de Ciencias (FEC) de la Universidad del Zulia (LUZ). Se realizó una Auditoria de Seguridad al servicio Telemático, de Tipo Interna, sobre el área donde es administrado y distribuido el servicio principal de la RedFEC: el Edificio Grano de Oro. Se utilizó como punto de partida el Informe generado por la Unidad de Servicios Computacionales y Telemáticos de la FEC, que trata sobre la situación actual de la misma, comprendida para el período 2004 - 2006. La metodología utilizada fue la de Piattini y Del Peso, aplicando como instrumento de recolección, entrevistas estructuradas a los responsables de cada área física que tienen presencia en el Edificio Grano de Oro. Se aplicó el enfoque aportado por la norma ISO 17799 2005, abarcando los 10 dominios de control: Políticas de seguridad; Estructura organizativa; Clasificación y control de activos; Seguridad relacionada con el personal; Seguridad física y del entorno; Gestión de comunicaciones y operaciones; Control de accesos; Desarrollo y mantenimiento de sistemas; Gestión de continuidad de negocio; Conformidad. El instrumento de evaluación asoció los 10 dominios de control con las 8 zonas de servicios: Cumplimiento de normas y estándares; Sistemas operativos; Software; Comunicaciones y redes; Base de datos; Procesos; Aplicaciones; Física. Esta asociación fue una variante del modelo propuesto por Silva y Bracho, como metodología de selección de herramientas colaborativas. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron que la seguridad ofrecida sobre el cumplimiento de los distintos elementos a proteger de los servicios que son administrados desde y hacia el Edificio Grano de Oro fue del 75,14%. Finalmente se expuso un plan de acción que permite corregir y prevenir potenciales problemas en el corto, mediano y largo plazo

Auditoria de seguridad caso: plataforma telemática de la REDFEC – LUZ

The present study evaluated the telematic safety that offers the voice, data and video network of the Experimental Faculty of Science (FEC) at the University of Zulia (LUZ). We performed an internal security auditory of the Telematic Service, on the area where it is managed and distributed the main service of RedFEC: Grano de Oro Building. A report generated by the unit of Computer Services and Telematics of the FEC was used as starting point, which focuses on the current status of the network, including the period from 2004 to 2006. The PIATTINI and DEL PESO methodology was used, applying as recollection tool, structured interviews with the heads of each area that have physical presence in Grano de Oro Building. An approach provided by ISO 17799-2005 was applied, covering 10 domains of control: Security policies, organizational structure, classification and control of assets; Security-related personnel; Physical and environmental security, management and communications operations; Access Control; Development and maintenance of systems; Management Business continuity; Compliance. The assessment tool partnered the 10 domains of control with 8 service areas: Compliance with regulations and standards; OS, Software, Communications and networking; Database; Processes; Applications; Physics. This association was a variant of the model proposed by BRACHO and SILVA, as a methodology for selecting collaborative tools. The results showed that the security offered based on the compliance of the different elements to protect the services that are administered from and to the Grano de Oro Building was 75.14%. Finally, a plan of action was exposed that enables to correct and prevent potential problems in the short, medium and long term.Key words: Audit; Security; Telematics; RedFEC; ISO 17799-2005La presente investigación evaluó la seguridad telemática que ofrece la red de voz, datos y video de la Facultad Experimental de Ciencias (FEC) de la Universidad del Zulia (LUZ). Se realizó una Auditoria de Seguridad al servicio Telemático, de Tipo Interna, sobre el área donde es administrado y distribuido el servicio principal de la RedFEC: el Edificio Grano de Oro. Se utilizó como punto de partida el Informe generado por la Unidad de Servicios Computacionales y Telemáticos de la FEC, que trata sobre la situación actual de la misma, comprendida para el período 2004 - 2006. La metodología utilizada fue la de Piattini y Del Peso, aplicando como instrumento de recolección, entrevistas estructuradas a los responsables de cada área física que tienen presencia en el Edificio Grano de Oro. Se aplicó el enfoque aportado por la norma ISO 17799 – 2005, abarcando los 10 dominios de control: Políticas de seguridad; Estructura organizativa; Clasificación y control de activos; Seguridad relacionada con el personal; Seguridad física y del entorno; Gestión de comunicaciones y operaciones; Control de accesos; Desarrollo y mantenimiento de sistemas; Gestión de continuidad de negocio; Conformidad. El instrumento de evaluación asoció los 10 dominios de control con las 8 zonas de servicios: Cumplimiento de normas y estándares; Sistemas operativos; Software; Comunicaciones y redes; Base de datos; Procesos; Aplicaciones; Física. Esta asociación fue una variante del modelo propuesto por Silva y Bracho, como metodología de selección de herramientas colaborativas. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron que la seguridad ofrecida sobre el cumplimiento de los distintos elementos a proteger de los servicios que son administrados desde y hacia el Edificio Grano de Oro fue del 75,14%. Finalmente se expuso un plan de acción que permite corregir y prevenir potenciales problemas en el corto, mediano y largo plazo.Palabras Clave: Auditoria; Seguridad; Telemática; RedFEC; ISO 17799-200

AUDITORIA DE SEGURIDAD CASO: PLATAFORMA TELEMÁTICA DE LA REDFEC

La presente investigación evaluó la seguridad telemática que ofrece la red de voz, datos y video de la Facultad Experimental de Ciencias (FEC) de la Universidad del Zulia (LUZ). Se realizó una Auditoria de Seguridad al servicio Telemático, de Tipo Interna, sobre el área donde es administrado y distribuido el servicio principal de la RedFEC: el Edificio Grano de Oro. Se utilizó como punto de partida el Informe generado por la Unidad de Servicios Computacionales y Telemáticos de la FEC, que trata sobre la situación actual de la misma, comprendida para el período 2004 - 2006. La metodología utilizada fue la de Piattini y Del Peso, aplicando como instrumento de recolección, entrevistas estructuradas a los responsables de cada área física que tienen presencia en el Edificio Grano de Oro. Se aplicó el enfoque aportado por la norma ISO 17799 – 2005, abarcando los 10 dominios de control: Políticas de seguridad; Estructura organizativa; Clasificación y control de activos; Seguridad relacionada con el personal; Seguridad física y del entorno; Gestión de comunicaciones y operaciones; Control de accesos; Desarrollo y mantenimiento de sistemas; Gestión de continuidad de negocio; Conformidad. El instrumento de evaluación asoció los 10 dominios de control con las 8 zonas de servicios: Cumplimiento de normas y estándares; Sistemas operativos; Software; Comunicaciones y redes; Base de datos; Procesos; Aplicaciones; Física. Esta asociación fue una variante del modelo propuesto por Silva y Bracho, como metodología de selección de herramientas colaborativas. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron que la seguridad ofrecida sobre el cumplimiento de los distintos elementos a proteger de los servicios que son administrados desde y hacia el Edificio Grano de Oro fue del 75,14%. Finalmente se expuso un plan de acción que permite corregir y prevenir potenciales problemas en el corto, mediano y largo plazo

Miasis ocular por Oestrus ovis . Reporte de un caso.

Myasis is a parasitism caused by Diptera larvae invasion in humans and animals. Larvae may penetrated the nasal cavity, nasal sinus, ocular globe and other places of the body. The Oestrus ovis is a causative agent in sheep where it is called the Botflay or “head grub” leading to a high morbidity. The infection in humans is very rare but if an infection occurs, secondary effects can produce discapacity. The case we report is a schoolboy 9 years old from Sanare, estado Lara, presenting with eyelid edema, hyperemic conjunctivae and foreign body sensation in the right eye. An enucleation of the right eye was performed and the diagnosis of oestriasis was made by identification of larvae of Oestrus ovis.La miasis es un parasitismo producido por la invasión de larvas de dípteros en los tejidos de animales y humanos. En la miasis cavitaria se ven afectadas diferentes regiones de la cabeza, como las cavidades nasales, senos paranasales, globo ocular, entre otros, de diferentes especies de animales. Oestrus ovis , díptero de la familia Oestridae es un agente causal frecuente de miasis cavitaria en ovinos, por lo que también se le han dado denominaciones como “la mosca del carnero”, causando considerable morbilidad en los rebaños. El hombre rara vez es afectado por este parásito, pero cuando lo hace puede dejar secuelas de discapacidad que requiere atención médica y recursos para su tratamiento, constituyendo así una zoonosis de interés. Se presenta un caso de miasis ocular de un escolar de 9 años de edad procedente de Sanare, estado Lara, que acude al Hospital Pediátrico Agustín Zubillaga de Barquisimeto por presentar edema palpebral, conjuntiva hiperémica y sensación de cuerpo extraño. Se extrae el globo ocular del paciente y es llevado al servicio de anatomía patológica del Hospital Central Universitario Antonio María Pineda donde se identificaron las larvas de Oestrus ovis