184 research outputs found
Effects of the galactic winds on the stellar metallicity distribution of dwarf spheroidal galaxies
To study the effects of galactic winds on the stellar metallicity
distributions and on the evolution of Draco and Ursa Minor dwarf spheroidal
galaxies, we compared the predictions of several chemical evolution models,
adopting different prescriptions for the galactic winds, with the
photometrically-derived stellar metallicity distributions of both galaxies. The
chemical evolution models for Draco and Ursa Minor, which are able to reproduce
several observational features of these two galaxies, such as the several
abundance ratios, take up-to-date nucleosynthesis into account for
intermediate-mass stars and supernovae of both types, as well as the effect of
these objects on the energetics of the systems. For both galaxies, the model
that best fits the data contains an intense continuous galactic wind, occurring
at a rate proportional to the star formation rate. Models with a wind rate
assumed to be proportional only to the supernova rate also reproduce the
observed SMD, but do not match the gas mass, whereas the models with no
galactic winds fail to reproduce the observed SMDs. In the case of Ursa Minor,
the same model as in previous works reproduces the observed distribution very
well with no need to modify the main parameters of the model. The model for
Draco, on the other hand, is slightly modified. The observed SMD requires a
model with a lower supernova type Ia thermalization efficiency (
= 0.5 instead of = 1.0) in order to delay the galactic wind,
whereas all the other parameters are kept the same. The model results, compared
to observations, strongly suggest that intense and continuous galactic winds
play a very important role in the evolution of local dSphs.Comment: 11 pages, 7 figures, accepted for publication in Asttronomy &
Astrophysic
The mass loss process in dwarf galaxies from 3D hydrodynamical simulations: the role of dark matter and starbursts
Theoretical CDM cosmological models predict a much larger number of
low mass dark matter haloes than has been observed in the Local Group of
galaxies. One possible explanation is the increased difficulty of detecting
these haloes if most of the visible matter is lost at early evolutionary phases
through galactic winds. In this work we study the current models of triggering
galactic winds in dwarf spheroidal galaxies (dSph) from supernovae, and study,
based on 3D hydrodynamic numerical simulations, the correlation of the mass
loss rates and important physical parameters as the dark matter halo mass and
its radial profile, and the star formation rate. We find that the existence of
winds is ubiquitous, independent on the gravitational potential. Our
simulations revealed that the Rayleigh-Taylor Instability (RTI) may play a
major role on pushing matter out of these systems, even for very massive
haloes. The instability is responsible for 5 - 40% of the mass loss during the
early evolution of the galaxy, being less relevant at Myrs. There is
no significant difference in the mass loss rates obtained for the different
dark matter profiles studied (NFW and logarithmic). We have also found a
correlation between the mass loss rate and both the halo mass and the rate of
supernovae, as already reported in previous works. Besides, the epoch in which
most of the baryon galactic matter is removed from the galaxy varies depending
on the SN rate and gravitational potential. The later, combined to the
importance of the RTI in each model, may change our understanding about the
chemical evolution of dwarf galaxies, as well as in the heavy element
contamination of the intergalactic medium at high redshifts.Comment: MNRAS, accepte
The Evolution of Barium and Europium in Local Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxies
By means of a detailed chemical evolution model, we follow the evolution of
barium and europium in four Local Group Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxies, in order to
set constraints on the nucleosynthesis of these elements and on the evolution
of this type of galaxies compared with the Milky Way. The model, which is able
to reproduce several observed abundance ratios and the present day total mass
and gas mass content of these galaxies, adopts up to date nucleosynthesis and
takes into account the role played by supernovae of different types (II, Ia)
allowing us to follow in detail the evolution of several chemical elements (H,
D, He, C, N, O, Mg, Si, S, Ca, Fe, Ba and Eu). By assuming that barium is a
neutron capture element produced in low mass AGB stars by s-process but also in
massive stars (in the mass range 10 - 30 ) by r-process, during the
explosive event of supernovae of type II, and that europium is a pure r-process
element synthesized in massive stars also in the range of masses 10 - 30
, we are able to reproduce the observed [Ba/Fe] and [Eu/Fe] as
functions of [Fe/H] in all four galaxies studied. We confirm also the important
role played by the very low star formation efficiencies ( = 0.005 - 0.5
Gyr) and by the intense galactic winds (6-13 times the star formation
rate) in the evolution of these galaxies. These low star formation efficiencies
(compared to the one for the Milky Way disc) adopted for the Dwarf Spheroidal
Galaxies are the main reason for the differences between the trends of [Ba/Fe]
and [Eu/Fe] predicted and observed in these galaxies and in the metal-poor
stars of our Galaxy. Finally, we provide predictions for Sagittarius galaxy for
which data of only two stars are available.Comment: 13 pages, 13 figures, accepted for publication in MNRA
The metal-poor Knee in the Fornax Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy
We present alpha-element abundances of Mg, Si, and Ti for a large sample of
field stars in two outer fields of the Fornax dwarf spheroidal galaxy (dSph),
obtained with VLT/GIRAFFE (R~16,000). Due to the large fraction of metal-poor
stars in our sample, we are able to follow the alpha-element evolution from
[Fe/H]=-2.5 continuously to [Fe/H]=-0.7 dex. For the first time we are able to
resolve the turnover from the Type II supernovae (SNe) dominated,
alpha-enhanced plateau down to subsolar [alpha/Fe] values due to the onset of
SNe Ia, and thus to trace the chemical enrichment efficiency of the galaxy. Our
data support the general concept of an alpha-enhanced plateau at early epochs,
followed by a well-defined "knee", caused by the onset of SNe Ia, and finally a
second plateau with sub-solar [alpha/Fe] values. We find the position of this
knee to be at [Fe/H]=-1.9 and therefore significantly more metal-poor than
expected from comparison with other dSphs and standard evolutionary models.
Surprisingly, this value is rather comparable to the knee in Sculptor, a dSph
about 10 times less luminous than Fornax. Using chemical evolution models, we
find that both the position of the knee as well as the subsequent plateau at
sub-solar level can hardly be explained unless the galaxy experienced several
discrete star formation events with a drastic variation in star formation
efficiency, while a uniform star formation can be ruled out. One possible
evolutionary scenario is that Fornax experienced one or several major accretion
events from gas-rich systems in the past, so that its current stellar mass is
not indicative of the chemical evolution environment at ancient times. If
Fornax is the product of several smaller building blocks, this may also have
implications of the understanding on the formation process of dSphs in general.Comment: 10 pages, 6 Figures, accepted for publication in Ap
The IGIMF and other IMFs in dSphs: : the case of Sagittarius
This article has been accepted for publication in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society ©: 2015 The Authors. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Astronomical Society. All rights reservedWe have studied the effects of various initial mass functions (IMFs) on the chemical evolution of the Sagittarius dwarf galaxy (Sgr). In particular, we tested the effects of the integrated galactic initial mass function (IGIMF) on various predicted abundance patterns. The IGIMF depends on the star formation rate and metallicity and predicts less massive stars in a regime of low star formation, as it is the case in dwarf spheroidals. We adopted a detailed chemical evolution model following the evolution of α-elements, Fe and Eu, and assuming the currently best set of stellar yields. We also explored different yield prescriptions for the Eu, including production from neutron star mergers. Although the uncertainties still present in the stellar yields and data prevent us from drawing firm conclusions, our results suggest that the IGIMF applied to Sgr predicts lower [α/Fe] ratios than classical IMFs and lower [hydrostatic/explosive] α-element ratios, in qualitative agreement with observations. In our model, the observed high [Eu/O] ratios in Sgr is due to reduced O production, resulting from the IGIMF mass cut-off of the massive oxygen-producing stars, as well as to the Eu yield produced in neutron star mergers, a more promising site than core-collapse supernovae, although many uncertainties are still present in the Eu nucleosynthesis. We find that a model, similar to our previous calculations, based on the late addition of iron from the Type Ia supernova time-delay (necessary to reproduce the shape of [X/Fe] versus [Fe/H] relations) but also including the reduction of massive stars due to the IGIMF, better reproduces the observed abundance ratios in Sgr than models without the IGIMF.Peer reviewedFinal Published versio
Chemical Evolution of Dwarf Spheroidal and Blue Compact Galaxies
We studied the chemical evolution of Dwarf Spheroidal (dSph) and Blue Compact
Galaxies (BCGs) by means of comparison between the predictions of chemical
evolution models and several observed abundance ratios. Detailed models with up
to date nucleosynthesis taking into account the role played by supernovae of
different types (II, Ia) were developed for both types of galaxies allowing us
to follow the evolution of several chemical elements. The models are specified
by the prescriptions of the star formation (SF) and galactic wind efficiencies
chosen to reproduce the main features of these galaxies. We also investigated a
possible connection in the evolution of dSph and BCGs and compared the
predictions of the models to the abundance ratios observed in Damped Lyman
alpha Systems (DLAs). The main conclusions are: i) the observed distribution of
[alpha/Fe] vs. [Fe/H] in dSph is mainly a result of the SF rate coupled with
the wind efficiency; ii) a low SF efficiency and a high wind efficiency are
required to reproduce the observational data for dSph; iii) the low gas content
of these galaxies is the result of the combined action of gas consumption by SF
and gas removal by galactic winds; iv) the BCGs abundance ratios are reproduced
by models with 2 to 7 bursts of SF with low efficiencies ; v) the low values of
N/O observed in BCGs are the natural result of a bursting SF; vi) a connection
between dSph and BCGs in an unified evolutionary scenario is unlikely; vii) the
models for the dSph and BCGs imply different formation scenarios for the DLAs;
viii) a suitable amount of primary N produced in massive stars can be perhaps
an explanation for the low plateau in the [N/] distribution observed in
DLAs, if real.Comment: 16 pages, 17 figures, accepted for publication in MNRA
The Predicted Metallicity Distribution of Stars in Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxies
We predict the metallicity distribution of stars and the age-metallicity
relation for 6 Dwarf Spheroidal (dSph) galaxies of the Local Group by means of
a chemical evolution model which is able to reproduce several observed
abundance ratios and the present day total mass and gas content of these
galaxies. The model adopts up to date nucleosynthesis and takes into account
the role played by supernovae of different types (II, Ia) allowing us to follow
in detail the evolution of several chemical elements (H, D, He, C, N, O, Mg,
Si, S, Ca, and Fe). Each galaxy model is specified by the prescriptions of the
star formation rate and by the galactic wind efficiency chosen to reproduce the
main features of these galaxies. These quantities are constrained by the star
formation histories of the galaxies as inferred by the observed color-magnitude
diagrams (CMD). The main conclusions are: i) 5 of the 6 dSphs galaxies are
characterized by very low star formation efficiencies () with only Sagittarius having a higher one (); ii) the wind efficiency is high for all galaxies, in the range =
6 - 15; iii) a high wind efficiency is required in order to reproduce the
abundance ratios and the present day gas mass of the galaxies; iv) the
predicted age-metallicity relation implies that the stars of the dSphs reach
solar metallicities in a time-scale of the order of 2 - 6 Gyr; v) the
metallicity distributions of stars in dSphs exhibit a peak around [Fe/H]
-1.8 to -1.5 dex, with the exception of Sagittarius ([Fe/H] -0.8 dex);
iv) the predicted metallicity distributions of stars suggest that the majority
of stars in dSphs are formed in a range of metallicity in agreement with the
one of the observed stars.Comment: 12 pages, 19 figures, accepted for publication in MNRA
Multi-Element Abundance Measurements from Medium-Resolution Spectra. III. Metallicity Distributions of Milky Way Dwarf Satellite Galaxies
We present metallicity distribution functions (MDFs) for the central regions
of eight dwarf satellite galaxies of the Milky Way: Fornax, Leo I and II,
Sculptor, Sextans, Draco, Canes Venatici I, and Ursa Minor. We use the
published catalog of abundance measurements from the previous paper in this
series. The measurements are based on spectral synthesis of iron absorption
lines. For each MDF, we determine maximum likelihood fits for Leaky Box,
Pre-Enriched, and Extra Gas (wherein the gas supply available for star
formation increases before it decreases to zero) analytic models of chemical
evolution. Although the models are too simplistic to describe any MDF in
detail, a Leaky Box starting from zero metallicity gas fits none of the
galaxies except Canes Venatici I well. The MDFs of some galaxies, particularly
the more luminous ones, strongly prefer the Extra Gas Model to the other
models. Only for Canes Venatici I does the Pre-Enriched Model fit significantly
better than the Extra Gas Model. The best-fit effective yields of the less
luminous half of our galaxy sample do not exceed 0.02 Z_sun, indicating that
gas outflow is important in the chemical evolution of the less luminous
galaxies. We surmise that the ratio of the importance of gas infall to gas
outflow increases with galaxy luminosity. Strong correlations of average [Fe/H]
and metallicity spread with luminosity support this hypothesis.Comment: 17 pages, 5 figures; accepted for publication in ApJ; minor
corrections in v3; corrected typographical errors in Tables 1 and 3 in v
The S2 Stream:the shreds of a primitive dwarf galaxy
We present a multi-instrument chemical analysis of the stars in the
metal-poor S2 halo stream using both high- and low-resolution spectroscopy,
complemented with a re-analysis of the archival data to give a total sample of
62 S2 members. Our high-resolution program provides alpha-elements (C, Mg, Si,
Ca and Ti), iron-peak elements (V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni), n-process elements (Sr, Ba)
and other elements such us Li, Na, Al, and Sc for a subsample of S2 objects. We
report coherent abundance patterns over a large metallicity spread (~1dex)
confirming that the S2 stream was produced by a disrupted dwarf galaxy. The
S2's alpha-elements display a mildly decreasing trend with increasing
metallicity which can be interpreted as a "knee" at [Fe/H]<-2. However, even at
the high end of [Fe/H], S2's [alpha/Fe] ratios do not climb down from the halo
plateau, signaling prehistoric enrichment pattern with minimal SN Ia
contribution. At the low metallicity end, the n-capture elements in S2 are
dominated by r-process production: several stars are Ba-enhanced but unusually
extremely poor in Sr. Moreover, some of the low-[Fe/H] stars appear to be
carbon-enhanced. We interpret the observed abundance patterns with the help of
chemical evolution models that demonstrate the need for modest star-formation
efficiency and low wind efficiency confirming that the progenitor of S2 was a
primitive dwarf galaxy.Comment: Submitted to MNRAS. Comments are welcome
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