Influence of Maternal Care on Behavioural Development of Domestic Dogs (Canis Familiaris) Living in a Home Environment

Maternal care has been shown to affect the development of the brain, behaviour, social skills and emotional systems of the young of many mammalian species including dogs. The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of maternal care on the behavioural responses of family dog puppies towards environmental and social stimuli. In order to do this, maternal care (licking puppy’s ano-genital area, licking the puppy, nursing and mother-puppy contact) during the first three weeks after birth was assessed in 12 litters of domestic dog puppies reared in home environments (total = 72 puppies). The behavioural responses of puppies were assessed in an arena and an isolation test, which were performed when the puppies were two-month old. Data were analysed using principal components analysis and projection to latent structures regression. A systematic relationship was found between maternal care and behaviour in both tests. In the arena test, maternal care was found to be positively associated with approach to the stranger, attention oriented to the stranger, time spent near the enclosure, yawning, whining and yelping (R2Y = 0.613, p = 8.2 × 10−9). Amount of maternal care was negatively associated with the number of squares crossed and the time spent individually playing with the rope. In the isolation test, the amount of maternal care was positively associated with standing posture, paw lifting, and howling, and it was negatively associated with yawning, lying down and nose licking (R2Y = 0.507, p = 0.000626). These results suggest that the amount of maternal care received during early life influences the pattern of behavioural responses and coping strategies of puppies at two-months of age. On the basis of these findings it could be speculated that early maternal care contributes to adaption to the environment in which family puppies are developing, with particular regard to social relationships with people

La traduzione simultanea del film: produzione e percezione

I testi analizzati sono il risultato delle registrazioni raccolte durante un festival cinematografico svoltosi nell'estate del 1995, quindi in una situazione di lavoro reale; ciò ha permesso di concentrarsi non solo sulla produzione dell'interpretazione simultanea, ma anche sulla sua percezione, mediante un questionario distribuito al pubblico. L'analisi è stata limitata a testi che gli interpreti avevano avuto la possibilità di preparare in anticipo rispetto alla proiezione, avendo essi ricevuto le liste dialoghi circa due settimane prima dell'inizio del festival, per poter meglio evidenziare le differenze fra interpretazione di film e di conferenza, differenze che si riscontrano non solo nelle caratteristiche dei testi da tradurre, ma soprattutto nel contesto dell'atto comunicativo e dei rapporti fra coloro che vi partecipano

Abstracción

«Abstracción» es la tercera carta de una serie que el teólogo y filósofo alemán de origen italiano Romano Guardini escribió y publicó en la revista Die Schildgenossen (Los compañeros del escudo) de 1923 a 1925, y que recogió en el libro Briefe vom Comer See (1927). El arquitecto Ludwig Mies van der Rohe (1886-1969) subrayó este texto en su copia personal del libro y reprodujo los pasajes más relevantes en el «Cuaderno de Notas» (Notizheft) que redactó de 1927 a 1928 y que forma el fundamento de su pensamiento arquitectónico. Se publican en facsímil las páginas 25-31 del ejemplar de Briefe vom Comer See perteneciente a la biblioteca personal de Mies van der Rohe, con los subrayados que Mies realizó en la misma. Este libro se encuentra depositado en la Daley Library de la University of Illinois at Chicago [Special Collections/ 3rd floor. Signatura (Call Number): cb478 .g8 1927]. El texto que se presenta en español es una versión revisada de la traducción realizada por Víctor Bazterrica (Cartas del Lago de Como, San Sebastián, Editorial Dinor, 1957, pp. 33-41). © Katholische Akademie de Baviera, para Romano Guardini, Die Technik und der Mensch. Briefe vom Comer See. Matthias-Grünewald-Verlag, Maguncia, Alemania. © De las imágenes: Ludwig Mies van der Rohe Collection, Daley Library, University of Illinois at Chicago (usa)

Influence of morning maternal care on the behavioural responses of 8-week-old Beagle puppies to new environmental and social stimuli

In mammals, maternal care represents a major constituent of the early-life environment and its influence on individual development has been documented in rodents, non-human primates, humans and recently in adult dogs. The quality and quantity of mother-offspring interactions exerts a multilevel regulation upon the physiological, cognitive, and behavioural development of the offspring. For example, in rats variations in maternal behaviour, such as mother-pup body contact and the amount of licking towards pups in the nest during the early days after parturition, influences the endocrine, emotional, and behavioural responses to stress in the offspring. This produces long-term consequences, which may remain into adulthood and can be transmitted to subsequent generations. Literature about maternal care in dogs and its effect on puppy behaviour is still scarce, although the topic is receiving a growing interest. The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of morning maternal care on behavioural responses of puppies to new environmental and social stimuli. In order to achieve this, maternal care (licking, ano-genital licking, nursing and mother-puppy contact) was assessed in eight litters of domestic dogs living in standard rearing conditions during the first three weeks post-partum. Puppies were subjected to two behavioural tests (arena and isolation tests) at 58-60 days of age, and their behavioural responses were video recorded and analysed. Data was analysed using multivariate analyses (PCA, PLS).During the isolation test, a higher level of maternal care was associated with more exploration and a higher latency to emit the first yelp; on the contrary, a lower level of maternal care was associated with increased locomotion, distress vocalisations and destructive behaviours directed at the enclosure.These results, comparable to those reported in laboratory rat models and to some extent to those recently reported in dog literature, highlight the importance of maternal care on the behavioural development of domestic dog puppies

Guimarães Rosa’s poetics and the sertão

Guimarães Rosa and James Joyce are very frequently compared due to the experimental nature of their work. This paper argues, however, that there are significant differences in their experimentalism and that Rosa engages in a long-standing tradition in Brazilian literature that explores and at the same time challenges the potentialities of regional culture. His work configures a dialectical interplay between erudite and popular sources, oral and written language, modern and traditional forms. The sertão – the backlands – as envisaged by him is shaped as a landscape which is both imaginary and real, concrete and symbolic, geographical and cultural.Guimarães Rosa and James Joyce are very frequently compared due to the experimental nature of their work. This paper argues, however, that there are significant differences in their experimentalism and that Rosa engages in a long-standing tradition in Brazilian literature that explores and at the same time challenges the potentialities of regional culture. His work configures a dialectical interplay between erudite and popular sources, oral and written language, modern and traditional forms. The sertão – the backlands – as envisaged by him is shaped as a landscape which is both imaginary and real, concrete and symbolic, geographical and cultural

A Microscopic Model for the Second-Harmonic Generation from C60

We discuss the microscopic origin of the Second-Harmonic Generation (SHG) resonance at ħω=1.81 eV, based on spectroscopic and thickness dependent SHG measurements on C60 thin films. We assign the three-level diagram responsible for the observed SHG resonance, and show it to be of magnetic-dipole-induced origin. Furthermore we explain the absence of almost any surface contributions, and the narrow line width of the involved HOMO-LUMO (11Ag→11T1g) excitation at 1.81 eV

Using the memoline to capture changes in user experience over time with children

In this paper, we focus on the MemoLine as a retrospective tool for capturing changes in user experience over time with children, which has had little attention from the Child Computer Interaction community. To investigate the appropriateness of the MemoLine, two studies were performed. In the first study, 16 children aged 7 to 12 were instructed to use the MemoLine at home to reflect on their 4 month experience with a music game. The second study took place in a school context, with 32 children aged 10 to 11 who used MemoLine to report on their 3 month experience with an educational game. The results suggested that children along the age spectrum of 7 to 12 were able to complete the MemoLine Instruments. In the two different contexts children were able to recall experiences relating to the game and provide data that would be useful for developers to understand how and why their experiences changed over time. Finally, the results showed that the procedural choices for the data gathering could be adjusted to a home and school context. Based on the insights from the case studies, best practices are defined to facilitate the use and further development of the method

Phosphorus fractions in sandy soils of vineyards in Southern Brazil.

As aplicações de fósforo (P) em vinhedos podem causar o acúmulo desse nutriente no solo e maximizar seu potencial poluente. Este trabalho objetivou quantificar as frações de acumulação de P em solos arenosos cultivados com videiras na região Sul do Brasil. Para isso, amostras de solo foram coletadas nas camadas de 0-5, 6-10 e 11-20 cm em uma área de campo nativo e em dois vinhedos: um com 14 anos de cultivo (vinhedo 1) e outro com 30 anos (vinhedo 2), localizados no município de Santana do Livramento, Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brasil. As amostras foram secas, moídas e submetidas ao fracionamento químico de P. Os resultados evidenciaram que os teores de P inorgânico aumentaram até 20 cm de profundidade, principalmente no vinhedo 2, em especial nas frações lábeis extraídas por resina de troca aniônica e por NaHCO3, na fração moderadamente lábil, extraída por NaOH 0,1 e 0,5 mol L-1, e na fração não lábil, extraída por HCl 1 mol L-1, representando potencial de eutroficação das águas. As aplicações de fertilizantes fosfatados na adubação de correção e de manutenção nos vinhedos com maior tempo de cultivo aumentaram os teores de P na fração orgânica extraída por NaHCO3 na camada de 0-5 cm, e na fração moderadamente lábil extraída por NaOH 0,1 mol L-1, até 20 cm de profundidade