Agents et systèmes multi-agents : vers une synthèse de ces concepts

Les systèmes multi-agents appartiennent à un domaine de l'intelligence artificielle et ce sont des systèmes que l'on appréhende très différemment de l'ingénierie informatique classique. Les systèmes multi-agents interviennent là où la résolution classique des problèmes grâce à l'informatique a ses limites. Ce domaine est malheureusement peu exploité aujourd'hui compte tenu des possibilités qu'il offre dans de nombreux domaines comme les sciences sociales, sciences informatiques, sciences expérimentales ou encore l'industrie. Mais les limites des systèmes informatiques et industrielles actuels sont telles qu'il devient envisageable et même intéressant de développer des systèmes multi-agents pour répondre aux besoins croissants de nombreux domaines plus classiques, que ce soit en termes de temps, d'efficacité ou de productivité. Nous allons tout d'abord commencer par le concept d'agent, qui est l'élément fondamental pour concevoir des systèmes multi-agents. Nous verrons les divers types et catégories d'agents, ainsi que les architectures typiques qui leurs sont associés comme BDI, IDA ou CTS. Puis nous allons voir les notions concernant les systèmes multi-agents, comme la notion d'interaction qui est une des pièces maîtresses avec les agents pour concevoir un système multi-agents. Avec les interactions viennent des phénomènes d'auto-organisation, et on verra différent modèles d'organisation ainsi que plusieurs niveaux d'organisation dans les systèmes multi-agent. Enfin nous verrons différents outils, plateformes et langages adaptés à la conception de systèmes multi-agents, pour ce qui est de la structure des agents ou de l'aspect interactions et communications. Puis nous ferons quelques recommandations méthodologiques concernant le développement de systèmes multi-agents dans leur globalité.\ud ______________________________________________________________________________ \ud MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : agent, système multi-agents, systèmes adaptatifs, organisation émergente, cycle cognitif, intelligence artificielle distribuée

Risicoscreening van geriatrische patienten bij ziekenhuisopname met een clinical rule op basis van het HARM-onderzoek

Risicoscreening van de geriatrische patient bij opname met behulp van een clinical rule op basis van de reslutaten van het HARM-onderzoek

The effect of genotyping on the number of pharmacotherapeutic gene-drug interventions in chronic kidney disease patients

Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage 3-5 are polypharmacy patients. Many of these drugs are metabolized by cytochrome P450 (CYP450) and CYP450. Genetic polymorphism is well known to result in altered drug metabolism capacity. This study determined the added value of pharmacogenetic testing to the routine medication evaluation in polypharmacy patients with CKD. In adult outpatient polypharmacy patients with CKD3-5 disease, a pharmacogenetic profile was determined. Then, automated medication surveillance for gene-drug interactions was performed based on the pharmacogenetic profile and the patients' current prescriptions. Of all identified gene-drug interactions, the hospital pharmacist and the treating nephrologist together assessed clinical relevance and necessity of a pharmacotherapeutic intervention. The primary endpoint of the study was the total number of applied pharmacotherapeutic interventions based on a relevant gene-drug interaction. A total of 61 patients were enrolled in the study. Medication surveillance resulted in a total of 66 gene-drug interactions, of which 26 (39%) were considered clinically relevant. This resulted in 26 applied pharmacotherapeutic interventions in 20 patients. Systematic pharmacogenetic testing enables pharmacotherapeutic interventions based on relevant gene-drug interactions. This study showed that pharmacogenetic testing adds to routine medication evaluation and could lead to optimized pharmacotherapy in CKD patients.Personalised Therapeutic

Histiocyte-Rich Reactive Lymphoid Hyperplasia of the Liver: Unusual Morphologic Features

Reactive lymphoid hyperplasia (RLH) of the liver is a rare entity and has also been termed nodular lymphoid lesion or pseudolymphoma of the liver. We report a case of hepatic RLH exhibiting unusual histiocyte-rich histologic features in a 47-yr-old woman in conjunction with a renal cell carcinoma. A follow-up computed tomography scan was done 14 months after a right radical nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma revealed a nodular lesion in segment 5 of the liver. The lesion was interpreted as metastatic renal cell carcinoma or hepatocellular carcinoma based on the history of the patient and radiologic findings. Wedge resection of segment 5 was done with sufficient distance from the mass. Microscopically, the lesion was composed predominantly of peculiar histiocytic proliferation and was characterized by lymphoid aggregates forming a lymphoid follicle with germinal centers. The present case and prior cases reported in the literature suggest that RLH of the liver appear to be a heterogenous group of reactive inflammatory lesions that are often associated with autoimmune disease or malignant tumors

A study of the properties of an oil-based drilling fluid with using emulsifier EM-4

The issue of maintaining the potential productivity of the well is one of the most urgent tasks of the oil and gas industry nowadays. Due to the development of deposits with complex deposits and low-permeability productive layers, the issues of increasing the flow rate of wells due to the qualitative opening of reservoirs were of fundamental importance. The drilling fluid with an oil base (OBM) does not adversely affect the properties of oil and gas collectors, also it has good lubricating properties, reducing the wear of drill bits and bits. This paper is devoted to comparing the properties of drilling muds prepared using the industrial emulsifier Cleave FM and the new synthesized emulsifier EM-4. Emulsifier EM-4 is a solution of N- (2-hydroxyethyl) amides of fatty acids in a mixture of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids

Contextualized Drug–Drug Interaction Management Improves Clinical Utility Compared With Basic Drug–Drug Interaction Management in Hospitalized Patients

Drug–drug interactions (DDIs) frequently trigger adverse drug events or reduced efficacy. Most DDI alerts, however, are overridden because of irrelevance for the specific patient. Basic DDI clinical decision support (CDS) systems offer limited possibilities for decreasing the number of irrelevant DDI alerts without missing relevant ones. Computerized decision tree rules were designed to context-dependently suppress irrelevant DDI alerts. A crossover study was performed to compare the clinical utility of contextualized and basic DDI management in hospitalized patients. First, a basic DDI-CDS system was used in clinical practice while contextualized DDI alerts were collected in the background. Next, this process was reversed. All medication orders (MOs) from hospitalized patients with at least one DDI alert were included. The following outcome measures were used to assess clinical utility: positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), number of pharmacy interventions (PIs)/1,000 MOs, and the median time spent on DDI management/1,000 MOs. During the basic DDI management phase 1,919 MOs/day were included, triggering 220 DDI alerts/1,000 MOs; showing 57 basic DDI alerts/1,000 MOs to pharmacy staff; PPV was 2.8% with 1.6 PIs/1,000 MOs costing 37.2 minutes/1,000 MOs. No DDIs were missed by the contextualized CDS system (NPV 100%). During the contextualized DDI management phase 1,853 MOs/day were included, triggering 244 basic DDI alerts/1,000 MOs, showing 9.6 contextualized DDIs/1,000 MOs to pharmacy staff; PPV was 41.4% (P < 0.01), with 4.0 PIs/1,000 MOs (P < 0.01) and 13.7 minutes/1,000 MOs. The clinical utility of contextualized DDI management exceeds that of basic DDI management

Renal stem cells: fact or science fiction?

The kidney is widely regarded as an organ without regenerative abilities. However, in recent years this dogma has been challenged on the basis of observations of kidney recovery following acute injury, and the identification of renal populations that demonstrate stem cell characteristics in various species. It is currently speculated that the human kidney can regenerate in some contexts, but the mechanisms of renal regeneration remain poorly understood. Numerous controversies surround the potency, behaviour and origins of the cell types that are proposed to perform kidney regeneration. The present review explores the current understanding of renal stem cells and kidney regeneration events, and examines the future challenges in using these insights to create new clinical treatments for kidney disease