Les dispositifs groupaux d'analyse des pratiques au service du développement professionnel des enseignants. Quelles analyses ? Quelles pratiques ? Quel professionnel?

Le développement professionnel des enseignants s’appuie de plus en plus sur des structures invitant les enseignants, en groupe, à analyser leurs propres pratiques. Si ces dispositifs de professionnalisation se multiplient, ils ne se ressemblent pas pour autant. À partir de descriptions de différentes démarches d’analyse de pratiques en groupe, cet article caractérise trois types de dispositifs qui se distinguent quant à leur méthode et leur déroulement, leurs assises conceptuelles et leurs visées. Il découle de cette analyse que chaque type de dispositifs peut contribuer au développement pro-fessionnel des enseignants en privilégiant une dimension de leur professionnalité.\ud \ud Teachers’ professional development is increasingly based on structures that invite them to analyse their practice in group. Although these devices for professionaliza-tion are more numerous, they are all different. Starting from descriptions of various procedures for practice analysis in group, this article distinguishes three types of de-vices in relation with the method and process, the theoretical foundations, and the purpose. As a result, each type of devices may contribute to a teachers’ professional development by focusing on a particular dimension of the professionality

Decoding the nucleoid organisation of Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli through gene expression data

BACKGROUND: Although the organisation of the bacterial chromosome is an area of active research, little is known yet on that subject. The difficulty lies in the fact that the system is dynamic and difficult to observe directly. The advent of massive hybridisation techniques opens the way to further studies of the chromosomal structure because the genes that are co-expressed, as identified by microarray experiments, probably share some spatial relationship. The use of several independent sets of gene expression data should make it possible to obtain an exhaustive view of the genes co-expression and thus a more accurate image of the structure of the chromosome. RESULTS: For both Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli the co-expression of genes varies as a function of the distance between the genes along the chromosome. The long-range correlations are surprising: the changes in the level of expression of any gene are correlated (positively or negatively) to the changes in the expression level of other genes located at well-defined long-range distances. This property is true for all the genes, regardless of their localisation on the chromosome. We also found short-range correlations, which suggest that the location of these co-expressed genes corresponds to DNA turns on the nucleoid surface (14–16 genes). CONCLUSION: The long-range correlations do not correspond to the domains so far identified in the nucleoid. We explain our results by a model of the nucleoid solenoid structure based on two types of spirals (short and long). The long spirals are uncoiled expressed DNA while the short ones correspond to coiled unexpressed DNA

Variants in Miro1 cause alterations of ER-mitochondria contact sites in fibroblasts from Parkinson's disease patients

Background: Although most cases of Parkinson´s disease (PD) are idiopathic with unknown cause, an increasing number of genes and genetic risk factors have been discovered that play a role in PD pathogenesis. Many of the PD‐associated proteins are involved in mitochondrial quality control, e.g., PINK1, Parkin, and LRRK2, which were recently identified as regulators of mitochondrial‐endoplasmic reticulum (ER) contact sites (MERCs) linking mitochondrial homeostasis to intracellular calcium handling. In this context, Miro1 is increasingly recognized to play a role in PD pathology. Recently, we identified the first PD patients carrying mutations in RHOT1, the gene coding for Miro1. Here, we describe two novel RHOT1 mutations identified in two PD patients and the characterization of the cellular phenotypes. Methods: Using whole exome sequencing we identified two PD patients carrying heterozygous mutations leading to the amino acid exchanges T351A and T610A in Miro1. We analyzed calcium homeostasis and MERCs in detail by live cell imaging and immunocytochemistry in patient‐derived fibroblasts. Results: We show that fibroblasts expressing mutant T351A or T610A Miro1 display impaired calcium homeostasis and a reduced amount of MERCs. All fibroblast lines from patients with pathogenic variants in Miro1, revealed alterations of the structure of MERCs. Conclusion: Our data suggest that Miro1 is important for the regulation of the structure and function of MERCs. Moreover, our study supports the role of MERCs in the pathogenesis of PD and further establishes variants in RHOT1 as rare genetic risk factors for neurodegeneration

Left gaze bias in humans, rhesus monkeys and domestic dogs

While viewing faces, human adults often demonstrate a natural gaze bias towards the left visual field, that is, the right side of the viewee’s face is often inspected first and for longer periods. Using a preferential looking paradigm, we demonstrate that this bias is neither uniquely human nor limited to primates, and provide evidence to help elucidate its biological function within a broader social cognitive framework. We observed that 6-month-old infants showed a wider tendency for left gaze preference towards objects and faces of different species and orientation, while in adults the bias appears only towards upright human faces. Rhesus monkeys showed a left gaze bias towards upright human and monkey faces, but not towards inverted faces. Domestic dogs, however, only demonstrated a left gaze bias towards human faces, but not towards monkey or dog faces, nor to inanimate object images. Our findings suggest that face- and species-sensitive gaze asymmetry is more widespread in the animal kingdom than previously recognised, is not constrained by attentional or scanning bias, and could be shaped by experience to develop adaptive behavioural significance

Development of B Cells and Erythrocytes Is Specifically Impaired by the Drug Celastrol in Mice

Background: Celastrol, an active compound extracted from the root of the Chinese medicine ‘‘Thunder of God Vine’’ (Tripterygium wilfordii), exhibits anticancer, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, and interest in the therapeutic potential of celastrol is increasing. However, described side effects following treatment are significant and require investigation prior to initiating clinical trials. Here, we investigated the effects of celastrol on the adult murine hematopoietic system. Methodology/Principal Findings: Animals were treated daily with celastrol over a four-day period and peripheral blood, bone marrow, spleen, and peritoneal cavity were harvested for cell phenotyping. Treated mice showed specific impairment of the development of B cells and erythrocytes in all tested organs. In bone marrow, these alterations were accompanied by decreases in populations of common lymphoid progenitors (CLP), common myeloid progenitors (CMP) and megakaryocyte-erythrocyte progenitors (MEP). Conclusions/Significance: These results indicate that celastrol acts through regulators of adult hematopoiesis and could be used as a modulator of the hematopoietic system. These observations provide valuable information for further assessmen

Sterol biosensor reveals LAM-family Ltc1-dependent sterol flow to endosomes upon Arp2/3 inhibition.

Sterols are crucial components of biological membranes, which are synthetized in the ER and accumulate in the plasma membrane (PM). Here, by applying a genetically encoded sterol biosensor (D4H), we visualize a sterol flow between PM and endosomes in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Using time-lapse and correlative light-electron microscopy, we found that inhibition of Arp2/3-dependent F-actin assembly promotes the reversible relocalization of D4H from the PM to internal sterol-rich compartments (STRIC) labeled by synaptobrevin Syb1. Retrograde sterol internalization to STRIC is independent of endocytosis or an intact Golgi, but depends on Ltc1, a LAM/StARkin-family protein localized to ER-PM contact sites. The PM in ltc1Δ cells over-accumulates sterols and upon Arp2/3 inhibition forms extended ER-interacting invaginations, indicating that sterol transfer contributes to PM size homeostasis. Anterograde sterol movement from STRIC is independent of canonical vesicular trafficking but requires Arp2/3, suggesting a novel role for this complex. Thus, transfer routes orthogonal to vesicular trafficking govern the flow of sterols in the cell

Le souci de soi dans les dispositifs pédagogiques contemporains – L’exemple de l’éducation à la pleine conscience

Les dispositifs de présence attentive ou d’éducation à la pleine conscience intègrent, depuis plus d’une dizaine d’années, les milieux scolaires de nombreux pays. Ils s’inscrivent dans un mouvement plus général de « souci de soi ». Ces techniques sont censées produire de nouveaux sujets développant des compétences multiples pour mieux apprendre, mieux s’adapter et in fine mieux vivre. On pourrait d’emblée considérer ces dispositifs comme potentiellement vertueux. Cette première impression requiert cependant de mettre à l’étude les subjectivités potentiellement soutenues par ces dispositifs et de réinscrire cet engouement pour l’histoire occidentale. L’article se propose de brosser un état des lieux des usages de la pleine conscience en éducation et d’explorer les arrière-plans et les déplacements qu’ils opèrent lorsqu’ils pénètrent dans l’enceinte scolaire. Il se conclut sur une analyse des subjectivités potentiellement fabriquées par les dispositifs de PC et sur une hypothèse que ces pratiques contemporaines du souci de soi s’inscrivent dans le prolongement d’une double sécularisation chrétienne occidentale.Mindfulness education programs have entered schools in many countries for over a decade. They are part of a more global cultural shift emphasizing "care of the self". These techniques are supposed to produce new subjects with multiple skills which enable them to learn better, adapt better and ultimately live better. One could at first glance consider these programs as potentially virtuous. However, this first impression requires one to examine what subjectivities are potentially shaped by these “dispositifs” and to examine this phenomenon within Western history. The aim of this paper is to describe how mindfulness takes shape in education and to explore the backgrounds and displacements these programs operate when they enter school settings. This exploration leads to an analysis of the subjectivities potentially fabricated by such programs and concludes with a hypothesis that contemporary “care of the self” practices are an extension of a double Western Christian secularization

Espèces d’espaces : comment peut-il se dire quelque chose entre nous, chercheurs et politiques ?

Cet article a pour objet l’émergence d’un espace mouvant de dialogue et de négociation entre des instances politiques (commanditaires) et une équipe de chercheurs tout au long d’un processus de recherche. Dans cet écrit, nous insistons plus particulièrement sur la phase de problématisation et les modifications des choix méthodologiques princeps, en les référant à cet espace dialogique d’interlocution. Le récit de la recherche commanditée est étudié comme une histoire de «relations» au centre de laquelle la production de savoir est en jeu (mais aussi enjeu). Les sciences de l’éducation sont susceptibles d’apporter un éclairage spécifique dans cette histoire de production de savoir entre politique et recherche dans la mesure où se développent des processus de production et de diffusion des savoirs, un «faire savoir» que nous interrogerons (transfert, mobilisation, traduction des connaissances et des savoirs).This article addresses the emergence of a shifting space of dialogue and negotiation between political authorities (sponsors) and a group of researchers over the course of a research process. More specifically, we focus on the problematization stage and the modifications made to the initial methodological choices, by connecting them with this dialogical space of interlocution. The narrative of this sponsored research is examined as a story of “relationships” centred on knowledge production, as the key issue and as the stakes of the research. Education science may shed specific light on this story of knowledge production between politics and research, insofar as what is involved is the development of knowledge production and dissemination processes, i.e., a form of “getting knowledge across,” which we will examine here (including the transfer, mobilization, and translation of knowledge and expertise).Este artículo tiene por objeto el surgimiento de un espacio cambiante de diálogo y de negociación ente instancias políticas (patrocinadores) y un equipo de investigadores a lo largo de un proceso de investigación. En este texto, insistimos en particular en la fase de problematización y en las modificaciones de las elecciones metodológicas princeps, relacionándolas con este espacio dialógico de interlocución. El relato de la investigación patrocinada está analizado como una historia de «relaciones» al centro de la cual la producción del saber está en juego (siendo también un desafío). Las ciencias de la educación están susceptibles de aclarar de manera más específica esta historia de producción de saber entre política e investigación en la medida en que se desarrollan procesos de producción y de difusión de los saberes, un “hacer saber” que examinaremos (transferencia, movilización, traducción de conocimientos y de saberes)