Siete semanas en bote en el territorio del alto río Coco en Nicaragua: Viaje de exploración misionera de los Hermanos Grossman y Garth de septiembre a noviembre de 1905

Este artículo es la crónica de un viaje de ida y regreso emprendido por los hermanos misioneros Grossman y Garth por el alto río Coco y los ríos Waspuk, Pis Pis y Bocay a finales de 1905. En dicho viaje, sus anotaciones revelan la existencia de algunas comunidades importantes (Wasla, Saupuka, Kisalaya, Leymus, etcétera) que visitaron en su recorrido; describen las crecidas de los ríos y de la visita que hicieron al rey miskito Andrew. Fueron testigos de costumbres ancestrales, de tal manera que describe ritos de curación entre los indígena, alimentos que consumían, entre otras características, tanto de los miskitos como de los sumos. Aunque la mayor parte del recorrido fue sobre ríos, también participaron en cabalgatas en la selva, por donde pudo observar plantaciones de hule, caña de azúcar, cacao y bananos

Siete semanas en bote en el territorio del alto río Coco en Nicaragua: Viaje de exploración misionera de los Hermanos Grossman y Garth de septiembre a noviembre de 1905

This article correspond to the chronicle of a trip, both ways, through the high Coco River and the rivers Waspuk, Pis Pis and Bocay carried out by the missionary brothers Grossman and Garth by the end of 1905. The annotations of the author reveal the existence of important communities in places that they visited during their journey, places like Wasla, Saupuka, Kislaya, Leymus and some others. He dwells on the rivers’ floods and the visit that they made to the miskito King Andrew. He was witness to ancestral traditions, so that he can describe healing rituals among the Indians, nourishments that they consumed and other ancient customs, both among the miskito as well as the sumu. Albeit the voyage was over water most of the time, they also participated on cavalcades trough the rain forest, where they could observe rubber, sugar cane, cacao and banana plantations. DOI: 10.5377/wani.v56i0.224Wani No.56 2007 pp.45-60Este artículo es la crónica de un viaje de ida y regreso emprendido por los hermanos misioneros Grossman y Garth por el alto río Coco y los ríos Waspuk, Pis Pis y Bocay a finales de 1905. En dicho viaje, sus anotaciones revelan la existencia de algunas comunidades importantes (Wasla, Saupuka, Kisalaya, Leymus, etcétera) que visitaron en su recorrido; describen las crecidas de los ríos y de la visita que hicieron al rey miskito Andrew. Fueron testigos de costumbres ancestrales, de tal manera que describe ritos de curación entre los indígena, alimentos que consumían, entre otras características, tanto de los miskitos como de los sumos. Aunque la mayor parte del recorrido fue sobre ríos, también participaron en cabalgatas en la selva, por donde pudo observar plantaciones de hule, caña de azúcar, cacao y bananos. DOI: 10.5377/wani.v56i0.224Wani No.56 2007 pp.45-60Nikarawa wangki ni wasni sauni ma saitni kau sandi tiaskau bu kurin kau tulu atna dai kurihbin wainiku kaupak wing wainiku kat 1905 kurihni, kristian aslah kaluduhna as ayangni wahai Grossman dawak Garth atwa kidika. Uhulna akat yulwi kristian aslah kaluduhna as ayangni wahai Grossman dawak Garh atwa kidika,witingna kurih 1905 kau, uiwi nawatwi aina dai wangki wasni ma saitni dawak Waspuk, Pispis, dawak Bocay wasni yakat. Adika tulu atna yakat witingna uhulna dai tawan yamni nunuhni as as yulni(Wasla, Saupuka, Kisalaya, Leymus, dawak uk uk balna bik),witingna adika tawanni balna yakat uina dai, uhulna dai ampat was bangwa kidika yulni dawak wayah balna kingnina Andrew kau uiwi tatalna kidika yulni bik. Witingna miniknapa kau tatalna tawan balna ampat yalahwada bang kidika lani balna, uhulna indian balna ampat waraih siknis balna yamni yayamwa kidika yulni, ais dini balna kakaswa kidika yulni, dawak di uk balna yulni bik, wayah dawak sumu balna ampat bang kidika yulni, puyu baisa mahni kau kidi witingna was munah tulu dai, kaunah asangpas kau bik yaknunuhdana dai, dawak tatalna tunu panan, tisnak panan, kakau panan dawak wakisa panan bik

Siete semanas en bote en el territorio del alto río Coco en Nicaragua: Viaje de exploración misionera de los Hermanos Grossman y Garth de septiembre a noviembre de 1905

Este artículo es la crónica de un viaje de ida y regreso emprendido por los hermanos misioneros Grossman y Garth por el alto río Coco y los ríos Waspuk, Pis Pis y Bocay a finales de 1905. En dicho viaje, sus anotaciones revelan la existencia de algunas comunidades importantes (Wasla, Saupuka, Kisalaya, Leymus, etcétera) que visitaron en su recorrido; describen las crecidas de los ríos y de la visita que hicieron al rey miskito Andrew. Fueron testigos de costumbres ancestrales, de tal manera que describe ritos de curación entre los indígena, alimentos que consumían, entre otras características, tanto de los miskitos como de los sumos. Aunque la mayor parte del recorrido fue sobre ríos, también participaron en cabalgatas en la selva, por donde pudo observar plantaciones de hule, caña de azúcar, cacao y bananos.Nikarawa wangki ni wasni sauni ma saitni kau sandi tiaskau bu kurin kau tulu atna dai kurihbin wainiku kaupak wing wainiku kat 1905 kurihni, kristian aslah kaluduhna as ayangni wahai Grossman dawak Garth atwa kidika. Uhulna akat yulwi kristian aslah kaluduhna as ayangni wahai Grossman dawak Garh atwa kidika,witingna kurih 1905 kau, uiwi nawatwi aina dai wangki wasni ma saitni dawak Waspuk, Pispis, dawak Bocay wasni yakat. Adika tulu atna yakat witingna uhulna dai tawan yamni nunuhni as as yulni(Wasla, Saupuka, Kisalaya, Leymus, dawak uk uk balna bik),witingna adika tawanni balna yakat uina dai, uhulna dai ampat was bangwa kidika yulni dawak wayah balna kingnina Andrew kau uiwi tatalna kidika yulni bik. Witingna miniknapa kau tatalna tawan balna ampat yalahwada bang kidika lani balna, uhulna indian balna ampat waraih siknis balna yamni yayamwa kidika yulni, ais dini balna kakaswa kidika yulni, dawak di uk balna yulni bik, wayah dawak sumu balna ampat bang kidika yulni, puyu baisa mahni kau kidi witingna was munah tulu dai, kaunah asangpas kau bik yaknunuhdana dai, dawak tatalna tunu panan, tisnak panan, kakau panan dawak wakisa panan bik. Palabras clave Exploración misionera

Cluster mass estimation through Fair Galaxies

We analyse a catalogue of simulated clusters within the theoretical framework of the Spherical Collapse Model (SCM), and demonstrate that the relation between the infall velocity of member galaxies and the cluster matter overdensity can be used to estimate the mass profile of clusters, even though we do not know the full dynamics of all the member galaxies. In fact, we are able to identify a limited subset of member galaxies, the 'fair galaxies', which are suitable for this purpose. The fair galaxies are identified within a particular region of the galaxy distribution in the redshift (line-of-sight velocity versus sky-plane distance from the cluster centre). This 'fair region' is unambiguously defined through statistical and geometrical assumptions based on the SCM. These results are used to develop a new technique for estimating the mass profiles of observed clusters and subsequently their masses. We tested our technique on a sample of simulated clusters; the mass profiles estimates are proved to be efficient from 1 up to 7 virialization radii, within a typical uncertainty factor of 1.5, for more than 90 per cent of the clusters considered. Moreover, as an example, we used our technique to estimate the mass profiles and the masses of some observed clusters of the Cluster Infall Regions in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey catalogue. The technique is shown to be reliable also when it is applied to sparse populated clusters. These characteristics make our technique suitable to be used in clusters of large observational catalogues.Comment: 11 pages, 11 figures, 5 tables - Slightly revised to match the version published on MNRAS; abstract update

On intermediate subfactors of Goodman-de la Harpe-Jones subfactors

In this paper we present a conjecture on intermediate subfactors which is a generalization of Wall's conjecture from the theory of finite groups. Motivated by this conjecture, we determine all intermediate subfactors of Goodman-Harpe-Jones subfactors, and as a result we verify that Goodman-Harpe-Jones subfactors verify our conjecture. Our result also gives a negative answer to a question motivated by a conjecture of Aschbacher-Guralnick.Comment: To appear in Comm. Math. Phy

Cellulose-derived oligomers act as damage-associated molecular patterns and trigger defense-like responses

The plant cell wall, often the site of initial encounters between plants and their microbial pathogens, is composed of a complex mixture of cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin polysaccharides as well as proteins. The concept of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) was proposed to describe plant elicitors like oligogalacturonides (OGs), which can be derived by the breakdown of the pectin homogalacturon by pectinases. OGs act via many of the same signaling steps as pathogen- or microbe-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) to elicit defenses and provide protection against pathogens. Given both the complexity of the plant cell wall and the fact that many pathogens secrete a wide range of cell wall-degrading enzymes, we reasoned that the breakdown products of other cell wall polymers may be similarly biologically active as elicitors and may help to reinforce the perception of danger by plant cells. Our results indicate that oligomers derived from cellulose are perceived as signal molecules in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), triggering a signaling cascade that shares some similarities to responses to well-known elicitors such as chitooligomers and OGs. However, in contrast to other known PAMPs/DAMPs, cellobiose stimulates neither detectable reactive oxygen species production nor callose deposition. Confirming our idea that both PAMPs and DAMPs are likely to cooccur at infection sites, cotreatments of cellobiose with flg22 or chitooligomers led to synergistic increases in gene expression. Thus, the perception of cellulose-derived oligomers may participate in cell wall integrity surveillance and represents an additional layer of signaling following plant cell wall breakdown during cell wall remodeling or pathogen attack

CP violation in neutrino oscillations and new physics

We consider future experiments to detect CP violation in neutrino oscillations and discuss how to test that all asymmetries are indeed described in terms of the single leptonic Jarlskog invariant as predicted in the absence of new physics effects.Comment: 28 pages, 15 figures, references added, version to appear in NP

Models of Neutrino Masses: Anarchy versus Hierarchy

We present a quantitative study of the ability of models with different levels of hierarchy to reproduce the solar neutrino solutions, in particular the LA solution. As a flexible testing ground we consider models based on SU(5)xU(1)_F. In this context, we have made statistical simulations of models with different patterns from anarchy to various types of hierachy: normal hierarchical models with and without automatic suppression of the 23 (sub)determinant and inverse hierarchy models. We find that, not only for the LOW or VO solutions, but even in the LA case, the hierarchical models have a significantly better success rate than those based on anarchy. The normal hierachy and the inverse hierarchy models have comparable performances in models with see-saw dominance, while the inverse hierarchy models are particularly good in the no see-saw versions. As a possible distinction between these categories of models, the inverse hierarchy models favour a maximal solar mixing angle and their rate of success drops dramatically as the mixing angle decreases, while normal hierarchy models are far more stable in this respect.Comment: v1: 28 pages, 12 figures; v2: 34 pages, 14 figures, updated previous analysis with the inclusion of recent SNO result

Performance analysis based on impact variables of a highway bridge under seismic actions considering uncertainties

Los puentes son sistemas de conexión de gran importancia socio-económica. Se presenta la evaluación del desempeño de un puente de vigas de hormigón pretensado existente ubicado en zona de alta sismicidad, donde los objetivos se expresan como el riesgo aceptable de pérdidas económicas por daños a la estructura, a las personas, y especialmente por interrupción de servicio, en función de la peligrosidad sísmica. Debido a la existencia de incertidumbres, la evaluación se realiza en términos probabilísticos utilizando técnicas de simulación numérica de Monte Carlo. Se obtienen conclusiones de interés práctico.Los autores desean expresar su agradecimiento al Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades de España por el apoyo financiero en el ámbito del proyecto I+D DURADOV (RTC-2015-3617-4). También reconocer la beca FI-AGAUR otorgada por la Secretaria d´Universitats I Investigació de la Generalitat de Catalunya. (Resolucio ECO/1794/2015).Postprint (published version