The Principle of Purpose Limitation in Data Protection Laws

This thesis examines the principle of purpose limitation in data protection law from the perspective of regulating data-driven innovation. According to this approach, the principle of purpose limitation not only protects an individual’s autonomy but simultaneously leaves sufficient room for data controllers to innovate when finding the best solution for protection. The first component of the principle of purpose limitation (i.e. to specify the purpose of data processing) is a precautionary protection instrument which obliges the controller to identify specific risks arising from its processing against all fundamental rights of the data subject. In contrast, the second component (i.e. the requirement to limit data processing to the preceding purpose) aims to control the risk caused by data processing that occurred at a later stage and adds to the risks which were previously identified. This approach provides an answer to the question of how the General Data Protection Regulation which does not only effectively protect an individual’s autonomy but also helps controllers to turn their legal compliance into a mechanism that enhances innovation, should be interpreted with regard to all the fundamental rights of the data subject

Palaeoenvironmental and diagenetic reconstruction of a closed-lacustrine carbonate system - the challenging marginal setting of the Miocene Ries Crater Lake (Germany)

Chemostratigraphic studies on lacustrine sedimentary sequences provide essential insights on past cyclic climatic events, on their repetition and prediction through time. Diagenetic overprint of primary features often hinders the use of such studies for palaeoenvironmental reconstruction. Here the potential of integrated geochemical and petrographic methods is evaluated to record freshwater to saline oscillations within the ancient marginal lacustrine carbonates of the Miocene Ries Crater Lake (Germany). This area is critical because it represents the transition from shoreline to proximal domains of a hydrologically closed system, affected by recurrent emergent events, representing the boundaries of successive sedimentary cycles. Chemostratigraphy targets shifts related to subaerial exposure and/or climatic fluctuations. Methods combine facies changes with δ13C–δ18O chemostratigraphy from matrix carbonates across five closely spaced, temporally equivalent stratigraphic sections. Isotope composition of ostracod shells, gastropods and cements is provided for comparison. Cathodoluminescence and back‐scatter electron microscopy were performed to discriminate primary (syn‐)depositional, from secondary diagenetic features. Meteoric diagenesis is expressed by substantial early dissolution and dark blue luminescent sparry cements carrying negative δ13C and δ18O. Sedimentary cycles are not correlated by isotope chemostratigraphy. Both matrix δ13C and δ18O range from ca −7·5 to +4·0‰ and show clear positive covariance (R = 0·97) whose nature differs from that of previous basin‐oriented studies on the lake: negative values are here unconnected to original freshwater lacustrine conditions but reflect extensive meteoric diagenesis, while positive values probably represent primary saline lake water chemistry. Noisy geochemical curves relate to heterogeneities in (primary) porosity, resulting in selective carbonate diagenesis. This study exemplifies that ancient lacustrine carbonates, despite extensive meteoric weathering, are able to retain key information for both palaeoenvironmental reconstruction and the understanding of diagenetic processes in relation to those primary conditions. Also, it emphasizes the limitation of chemostratigraphy in fossil carbonates, and specifically in settings that are sensitive for the preservation of primary environmental signals, such as lake margins prone to meteoric diagenesis

Environmental responses to Lateglacial climatic fluctuations recorded in the sediments of pre-Alpine Lake Mondsee (northeastern Alps)

Declakes Participants : Soumaya Belmecheri, Marc Desmet, Helmut Erlenkeuser, Bernard Fanget, Jérôme Nomade.International audienceInvestigation of the sedimentary record of pre-Alpine Lake Mondsee (Upper Austria) focused on the environmental reaction to rapid Lateglacial climatic changes. Results of this study reveal complex proxy responses that are variable in time and influenced by the long-term evolution of the lake and its catchment. A new field sampling approach facilitated continuous and precisely controlled parallel sampling at decadal to sub-annual resolution for µ-XRF element scanning, carbon geochemistry, stable isotope measurements on ostracods, pollen analyses and large-scale thin sections for microfacies analysis. The Holocene chronology is established through microscopic varve counting and supported by accelerator mass spectrometry 14C dating of terrestrial plant macrofossils, whereas the Lateglacial age model is based on δ18O wiggle matching with the Greenland NGRIP record, using the GICC05 chronology. Microfacies analysis enables the detection of subtle sedimentological changes, proving that depositional processes even in rather large lake systems are highly sensitive to climate forcing. Comparing periods of major warming at the onset of the Lateglacial and Holocene and of major cooling at the onset of the Younger Dryas reveals differences in proxy responses, reflecting threshold effects and ecosystem inertia. Temperature increase, vegetation recovery, decrease of detrital flux and intensification of biochemical calcite precipitation at the onset of the Holocene took place with only decadal leads and lags over a ca. 100 a period, whereas the spread of woodlands and the reduction of detrital flux lagged the warming at the onset of the Lateglacial Interstadial by ca. 500-750 a. Cooling at the onset of the Younger Dryas is reflected by the simultaneous reaction of δ18O and vegetation, but sedimentological changes (reduction of endogenic calcite content, increase in detrital flux) were delayed by about 150-300 a. Three short-term Lateglacial cold intervals, corresponding to Greenland isotope substages GI-1d, GI-1c2 and GI-1b, also show complex proxy responses that vary in time. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

Specific GDPR ce rtification schemes as rule , general schemes (and criteria) as exception: Comment on EDPB’s Addendum to Guidelines 1/2018 on certification and identifying certification criteria per Articles 42 and 43 GDPR

This analysis criticizes a major design flaw of the Addendum to the Guidelines 1/2018 on certification and identifying certification criteria per Articles 42 and 43 of the EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) by the European Data Protection Board (EDPB). The possibility for certification owners to set up general certification schemes in addition to specific specification schemes opens up a glaring loophole which will decrease transparency and inhibit a consistent EU-wide application of the law. In its addendum, the EDPB makes a recognizable effort to close the loophole by specifying further requirements for such general schemes. However, these efforts are merely corrective measures: the fundamental design flaw continues to exist. The consequences are serious; not only does this design flaw contradict the two key regulatory objectives of increasing transparency and supporting consistent EU-wide compliance, but will sooner or later marginalise specific certification schemes in practice. That is an unfortunate outcome, as specific certification schemes ultimately cost businesses less and are much more effective measures in meeting the two regulatory objectives of the GDPR. This paper analyzes the Addendum with respect to the function of certification schemes in environments which are highly prone to future uncertainties and covered by data protection law

Varved sediment responses to early Holocene climate and environmental changes in Lake Meerfelder Maar (Germany) obtained from multivariate analyses of micro X-ray fluorescence core scanning data

We present an early Holocene record from Lake Meerfelder Maar in Germany for in-depth interpretation of depositional changes in annually laminated lake sediments as proxies for climatic and local environmental changes. We characterized the compositional changes in the sediment record using Ward's clustering analyses of the micro X-ray fluorescence core scanning data and linked these to microfacies descriptions. The down-core distribution of the clusters allowed us to define boundaries that represent variations of a comprehensive element assemblage occurring at 11 555, 11 230, 10 650, 10 515 and 9670 varve a BP. Our main results show that during the Early Holocene the long-term vegetation reorganization and evolution of the lake's catchment played a predominant role for sediment deposition. Abrupt shifts occurred at the Younger Dryas/Holocene and the Preboreal/Boreal biostratigraphical boundaries. We do not observe clear signals corresponding to known short-term climatic oscillations described in the North Atlantic region such as the Preboreal Oscillation. A unique and intriguing episode in the history of the lake of predominantly organic deposition and very low amounts of allochthonous sediments occurred between 10 515 and 9670 varve a BP and is related to hydrological thresholds

Our Friends Electric:Reflections on Advocacy and Design Research for the Voice Enabled Internet

Emerging technologies---such as the voice enabled internet---present many opportunities and challenges for HCI research and society as a whole. Advocating for better, healthier implementations of these technologies will require us to communicate abstract values, such as trust, to an audience that ranges from the general public to technologists and even policymakers. In this paper, we show how a combination of film-making and product design can help to illustrate these abstract values. Working as part of a wider international advocacy campaign, Our Friends Electric focuses on the voice enabled internet, translating abstract notions of Internet Health into comprehensible digital futures for the relationship between our voice and the internet. We conclude with a call for designers of physical things to be more involved with the development of trust, privacy and security in this powerful emerging technological landscape

Oxygen isotopic evidence for high‐magnitude, abrupt climatic events during the Lateglacial Interstadial in north‐west Europe:analysis of a lacustrine sequence from the site of Tirinie, Scottish Highlands

The Last Glacial to Interglacial Transition (LGIT) is a period of climatic instability. δ18O records are ideal for investigating the LGIT as this proxy responds rapidly to even minor climatic oscillations. Lacustrine carbonates offer the opportunity to investigate spatial diversity in patterns of climatic change during the LGIT but this requires the generation of δ18O records from a range of latitudinal and longitudinal settings. This study presents a coupled pollen and stable isotopic study of lacustrine carbonates spanning the Windermere Interstadial (the British equivalent of Greenland Interstadial 1, the Lateglacial Interstadial) from the site of Tirinie in the Scottish Highlands, a region where δ18O records are absent. The Interstadial is characterized by three δ18O peaks, warm intervals, and two δ18O declines, cold episodes, the timing of which is constrained by the presence of crypto-tephra. The landscape at Tirinie was highly responsive to these climatic oscillations as the sedimentary and pollen record respond to each isotopic shift. The paper concludes by highlighting that, across the British Isles, lacustrine δ18O records of the Interstadial have a consistent stratigraphy/structure, although the magnitude of the isotopic shifts is regionally variable. Potential causes of this variability are discussed

Abrupt climatic events during the last glacial-interglacial transition in Alaska

Evidence is mounting that abrupt climatic shifts occurred during the last glacial-interglacial transition (LGIT) in the North Atlantic and other regions. However, few high-resolution climatic records of the LGIT exist from the high latitudes of the North Pacific rim. We analyzed lake sediments from southwestern Alaska for biogenic silica, organic carbon, organic nitrogen, diatom assemblages, and compound-specific hydrogen isotopes. Results reveal climatic changes coincident with the Younger Dryas, Intra-Allerod Cold Period, and Pre-Boreal Oscillation. However, major discrepancies exist in the paleoclimate patterns of the Bolling-Allerod interstadial between our data and the GISP2 18O record from Greenland, and causes are uncertain. These data suggest that the North Pacific and North Atlantic experienced similar reversals during climatic warming of the LGIT but that the Bolling-Allerod cooling trend in the GISP2 18O record is probably not a hemispheric or global pattern