Britain and the atomic bomb: MAUD to Nagasaki.

There is a brief introduction explaining the themes in the literature available to date and how this thesis aims to add to available material. In chapter one I give an account of early British research into nuclear science, including collaboration between British universities and the effect the MAUD Report had on accelerating the United States atomic programme. I introduce the main British scientists here . In chapter two I focus on diplomacy between Britain and the United States in the period up to the Quebec Agreement. The two countries had their own atomic programmes at this stage and I discuss the lead up to the amalgamation of both programmes in August 1943. Chapter three examines the British raids on German heavy water facilities and the efforts to stop Germany acquiring the means to make an atomic bomb before the Allies. Co-operation between the British and U.S teams at Los Alamos is discussed, along with the crucial role played by Britain in assisting the American scientists. The British nuclear spies are featured in chapter four, focusing on Alan Nunn May and Klaus Fuchs. Their actions are discussed along with their arrests and trials. Effects of their cases on British atomic diplomacy with the Americans are highlighted. The final section sums up the legacies of Britain¿s nuclear programme and its effect on British Cold War politics with America and the U.S.S.R. The fusion, or hydrogen, bomb is mentioned briefly and an overall assessment of the achievements of the British scientists is included

Characterization of Key Odorants in Cumberland Rosemary, Conradina verticillata

Conradina verticillata Jennison, commonly known as Cumberland Rosemary, is a threatened plant from the mint family Lamiaceae. This species is a flowering, perennial shrub found in only a few counties of Kentucky and Tennessee. Cumberland Rosemary possesses a unique aroma profile; however, the odorants responsible for its aroma have not been previously identified. In this study, a total of 32 odorants were identified in Cumberland Rosemary using gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC-O) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Odorant flavor dilution (FD) factors were determined through the application of aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA). Seven odorants with FD factors ≥ [greater than or equal to] 64 were quantitated by stable isotope dilution assays (SIDA), and their odor activity values (OAV) were calculated. Odorants with OAV ≥ [greater than or equal to] 1 included 1-octen-3-one (earthy-mushroom, OAV 2900000), 1,8-cineole (eucalyptus, OAV 510000), borneol (earthy, OAV 10000), bornyl acetate (earthy-fruity, OAV 3700), eugenol (spicy, OAV 2200), menthone (mint, OAV 130), and camphor (herbaceous, OAV 72). Sensory analysis confirmed that an odor simulation model, based on the quantitative data, was a close match to the aroma of the plant. Omission studies determined the key odorants within Cumberland Rosemary’s distinct aroma profile. The stereochemistry of selected odorants was also determined by chiral chromatography. These selected chiral odorants included, α-pinene (70% (R)-(+) to 30% (S)-(−)), 1-octen-3-ol (\u3e99% (R)-(−)), menthone (\u3e99% (2S,5R)-(−)), camphor (\u3e99% (R)-(+)), linalool (97% (R)-(−) to 3% (S)-(+)) borneol (57% (1S,2R,4S)-(−) to 43% (1R,2S,4R)-(+)) and carvone (48% (S)-(+) to 52% (R)-(−)). This study established a foundation for future research on the aroma chemistry of C. verticillata and the other 6 members of the Conradina genus

IPE Grand Rounds: A Student-Led Initiative

Interprofessional Education (IPE) Grand Rounds is an innovative student-run initiative designed specifically to increase the clinical relevance of IPE for all health professions students. By creating new opportunities for students from medicine, nursing, physical therapy, occupational therapy, couple and family therapy, physician assistant and pharmacy to interact with health professionals who are actively participating in interprofessional work environments, the IPE Grand Rounds program allows students to develop a more complete picture of what it means to be a member of a collaborative practice team. During these sessions, students and panelists discuss both the benefits of working with team members from professions other than their own, as well as the real-world challenges they face in practice. While exploration of the effectiveness of IPE Grand Rounds in helping medical and other health professions students achieve IPE core competencies is currently underway, initial positive feed-back indicates that this extracurricular experience may help to bridge the gap between interprofessional education curricula and collaborative practice

Review of The West-Eastern Divan of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, translated from the German by Robert Martin.

Review of The West-Eastern Divan of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, translated from the German by Robert Martin

Serum biochemistry panels in African buffalo: Defining reference intervals and assessing variability across season, age and sex

Serum biochemical parameters can be utilized to evaluate the physiological status of an animal, and relate it to the animal’s health. In order to accurately interpret individual animal biochemical results, species-specific reference intervals (RI) must be established. Reference intervals for biochemical parameters differ between species, and physiological differences including reproductive status, nutritional resource availability, disease status, and age affect parameters within the same species. The objectives of this study were to (1) establish RI for biochemical parameters in managed African buffalo (Syncerus caffer), (2) assess the effects of age, sex, pregnancy, and season on serum biochemistry values, and (3) compare serum biochemistry values from a managed herd to a free-ranging buffalo herd and to values previously published for captive (zoo) buffalo. Season profoundly affected all biochemistry parameters, possibly due to changes in nutrition and disease exposure. Age also affected all biochemical parameters except gamma glutamyl transferase and magnesium, consistent with patterns seen in cattle. Sex and reproductive status had no detectable effects on the parameters that were measured. The biochemical profiles of managed buffalo were distinct from those observed in the free-ranging herd and captive buffalo. Biochemical differences between buffalo from captive, managed, and free-ranging populations may be related to nutritional restriction or lack of predation in the context of management or captivity. The reference intervals provided in this study, in addition to the seasonal and age-related patterns observed, provide a foundation for health investigations that may inform management strategies in this ecologically and economically important species

Canny good, or quite canny? The semantic-syntactic distribution of canny in the North East of England

The word canny has long been associated with the dialects of the North East of England, most typically in its adjectival sense. However, it has four distinct functions (adjective, adverb, intensifier and modifier in quantifying expressions), which this paper tracks in a diachronic speech corpus. Although the intensifier (e.g. it’s canny good) is documented in the Survey of English Dialects (Upton, Parry and Widowson 1994), it appears in the corpus later than expected with the profile of an incoming form. Results from a judgement task corroborate the corpus trends and show that people’s intuitions about intensifier canny correlate with age as well as the semantics and position of the following adjective, in such a way that shows the intensifier is not fully delexicalised. The present research highlights the value of combining production and perception data in establishing how the origins of a linguistic item affect its distribution in its new function

IL-25 regulates Th17 function in autoimmune inflammation

Interleukin (IL)-25 is a member of the IL-17 family of cytokines. However, unlike the other members of this family, IL-25 promotes T helper (Th) 2 responses. We now show that IL-25 also regulates the development of autoimmune inflammation mediated by IL-17–producing T cells. We have generated IL-25–deficient (il25−/−) mice and found that they are highly susceptible to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). The accelerated disease in the il25−/− mice is associated with an increase of IL-23 in the periphery and a subsequent increase in the number of inflammatory IL-17–, IFNγ-, and TNF-producing T cells that invade the central nervous system. Neutralization of IL-17 but not IFNγ in il25−/− mice prevented EAE, suggesting that IL-17 is a major disease-promoting factor. IL-25 treatment at several time points during a relapse-remitting model or chronic model of EAE completely suppressed disease. IL-25 treatment induced elevated production of IL-13, which is required for suppression of Th17 responses by direct inhibition of IL-23, IL-1β, and IL-6 expression in activated dendritic cells. Thus, IL-25 and IL-17, being members of the same cytokine family, play opposing roles in the pathogenesis of organ-specific autoimmunity

Photometric stereo data for the validation of a structural health monitoring test rig

Photometric stereo uses images of objects illuminated from various directions to calculate surface normals which can be used to generate 3D meshes of the object. Such meshes can be used by engineers to estimate damage of a concrete surface, or track damage progression over time to inform maintenance decisions. This dataset [1] was collected to quantify the uncertainty in a photometric stereo test rig through both the comparison with a well characterised method (coordinate measurement machine) and experiment virtualisation. Data was collected for 9 real objects using both the test rig and the coordinate measurement machine. These objects range from clay statues to damaged concrete slabs. Furthermore, synthetic data for 12 objects was created via virtual renders generated using Blender (3D software) [2]. The two methods of data generation allowed the decoupling of the physical rig (used to light and photograph objects) and the photometric stereo algorithm (used to convert images and lighting information into 3D meshes). This data can allow users to: test their own photometric stereo algorithms, with specialised data created for structural health monitoring applications; provide an industrially relevant case study to develop and test uncertainty quantification methods on test rigs for structural health monitoring of concrete; or develop data processing methodologies for the alignment of scaled, translated, and rotated data