The effect of silymarin on the expression of urotensin�ii and urotensin�ii receptor genes in the liver tissue of type 2 diabetic rats

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Studies have shown that the increase in urotensin � II is associated with diabetes disorders. Considering that using herbal medicines for the treatment of diseases leads to fewer complications compared to most chemical drugs, the present study was conducted to investigate the effect of silymarin on glucose, and insulin levels and the expression of urotensin � II (U�II) and urotensin � II receptor (U�II R) genes in the liver tissue of type 2 diabetic male rats. METHODS: In this experimental study, 36 male albino Wistar rats were randomly divided into 6 groups (n=6): 1. Control group; 2 and 3. Control groups treated with 60 and 120 mg / kg / day silymarin; 4. Type 2 diabetic group which received an intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of 60 mg / kg streptozotocin and 120 mg / kg nicotinamide; 5 and 6. Diabetic rats treated with 60 and 120 mg/kg/day silymarin. After 60 days of treatment, serum and liver tissue samples were collected. Glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR index and liver enzymes were evaluated by spectrophotometry and ELISA methods, while gene expression in liver tissue was analyzed by Real-time PCR method. FINDINGS: Insulin levels increased significantly in diabetic groups treated with silymarin (60 and 120 mg/kg) (9.6±1.11 and 9.8±0.96, respectively) in comparison with the diabetic control group (7.10±1.06) (p<0.05). Moreover, glucose level, HOMA-IR, liver enzymes, U�II and U � II R expression in diabetic group treated with silymarin significantly decreased compared to diabetic control group (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: The results of this study showed that administration of silymarin improves liver function in diabetic rats. © 2019, Babol University of Medical Sciences. All rights reserved

Hepatoprotective effects of silymarin on liver injury via irisin upregulation and oxidative stress reduction in rats with type 2 diabetes

Background: Diabetes is one of the most prevalent metabolic diseases. Irisin (FNDC5 protein) is involved in the new strategy of combating type 2 diabetes. In the liver, the antidiabetic mechanism of silymarin at the molecular level is unknown. This study investigated the effects of silymarin on irisin and the related gene expression and oxidative stress status in the liver of type 2 diabetic rats. Methods: Thirty-six rats were divided into 6 groups (n=6 each) by simple randomization: control, control+silymarin (60 mg/kg daily in normal saline orally for 60 days), control+silymarin (120 mg/kg daily in normal saline orally for 60 days), diabetic, diabetic+silymarin (60 mg/kg daily for 60 days), and diabetic+silymarin (120 mg/kg daily for 60 days). Biochemical parameters were measured by spectrophotometric and immunoassay methods, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to evaluate gene expression. The data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA, followed by the Tukey test, using SPSS software, version 16.0. The results were considered statistically significant at a P value less than 0.05. Results: In the diabetic rats treated with silymarin (60 and 120 mg/kg), by comparison with the diabetic group, body weight (P=0.04 and P=0.02), insulin (P<0.001), expression of PGC-1α (P=0.04 and P=0.02), expression of FNDC5 (P=0.03 and P=0.01), and concentration of irisin in the liver (P=0.02 and P=0.01) and serum (P<0.001) were significantly increased, whereas the levels of glucose (P<0.001), HOMA-IR (P=0.03 and P=0.01), and liver injury markers (P<0.001) were significantly reduced. Oxidative stress status and histopathological changes were improved in the treated groups. Conclusion: These results suggest that silymarin because of its ability to upregulate irisin and antioxidant effects can be considered an antidiabetic agent. © 2019, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. All rights reserved

Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, cystatin C and matrix metalloproteinase-9 as possible biomarkers in early detection of acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery

Introduction: Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) often occurs after open heart surgery. Today, serum creatinine is used as an indicator for identifying AKI; however, creatinine is unreliable due to delay in its elevation. Therefore, more reliable markers are required for early diagnosis of AKI. Aim: To measure the changes in Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin (NGAL) and Cystatin C (Cys C) levels and Matrix Metallo Proteinase 9 (MMP-9) activity in serum of patients who underwent cardiac surgery. Materials and Methods: The present descriptive study was conducted from September to October 2015 among patients referred to Cardiovascular Surgery Center at Shahid Modarres Hospital in Tehran, Iran. Urine and serum sample from 29 candidates for cardiac surgery were collected at 6 and 12 hours after surgery. On the basis of increase in serum creatinine, the patients were divided into two groups; AKI and control group. AKI group had at least 50 increase in serum creatinine; those with less than 50 increase were considered as control group. Urine NGAL and Cys C concentrations were measured using ELISA; MMP-9 activity was determined using gel zymography. Results: The results showed an increase in Cys C concentration in AKI group compared to control group after 6 and 12 hours of surgery. The comparison of Cys C concentration in AKI group between 6 and 12 hours after surgery showed no significant difference. The comparison of NGAL at 12 hours after surgery between control and AKI groups showed no significant difference. The MMP-9 activity showed a decreasing trend in AKI group compared to control group at 12 hours after surgery. Decrease in MMP-9 activity in AKI group at 6 hours after surgery was statistically different from after 12 hours of surgery. Conclusion: Present results provide evidence that Cys C and MMP-9 can be better reliable markers for early detection of AKI as compared to serum creatinine, after cardiac surgery. NGAL did not show higher sensitivity compared to creatinine in these patients. Therefore, Cys C and MMP-9 can be suggested as biomarkers for early detection of AKI after cardiac surgery. © 2018, Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research. All rights reserved

Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, cystatin C and matrix metalloproteinase-9 as possible biomarkers in early detection of acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery

Introduction: Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) often occurs after open heart surgery. Today, serum creatinine is used as an indicator for identifying AKI; however, creatinine is unreliable due to delay in its elevation. Therefore, more reliable markers are required for early diagnosis of AKI. Aim: To measure the changes in Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin (NGAL) and Cystatin C (Cys C) levels and Matrix Metallo Proteinase 9 (MMP-9) activity in serum of patients who underwent cardiac surgery. Materials and Methods: The present descriptive study was conducted from September to October 2015 among patients referred to Cardiovascular Surgery Center at Shahid Modarres Hospital in Tehran, Iran. Urine and serum sample from 29 candidates for cardiac surgery were collected at 6 and 12 hours after surgery. On the basis of increase in serum creatinine, the patients were divided into two groups; AKI and control group. AKI group had at least 50 increase in serum creatinine; those with less than 50 increase were considered as control group. Urine NGAL and Cys C concentrations were measured using ELISA; MMP-9 activity was determined using gel zymography. Results: The results showed an increase in Cys C concentration in AKI group compared to control group after 6 and 12 hours of surgery. The comparison of Cys C concentration in AKI group between 6 and 12 hours after surgery showed no significant difference. The comparison of NGAL at 12 hours after surgery between control and AKI groups showed no significant difference. The MMP-9 activity showed a decreasing trend in AKI group compared to control group at 12 hours after surgery. Decrease in MMP-9 activity in AKI group at 6 hours after surgery was statistically different from after 12 hours of surgery. Conclusion: Present results provide evidence that Cys C and MMP-9 can be better reliable markers for early detection of AKI as compared to serum creatinine, after cardiac surgery. NGAL did not show higher sensitivity compared to creatinine in these patients. Therefore, Cys C and MMP-9 can be suggested as biomarkers for early detection of AKI after cardiac surgery. © 2018, Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research. All rights reserved

Novel Loci for Adiponectin Levels and Their Influence on Type 2 Diabetes and Metabolic Traits : A Multi-Ethnic Meta-Analysis of 45,891 Individuals

J. Kaprio, S. Ripatti ja M.-L. Lokki työryhmien jäseniä.Peer reviewe

Glycosilation of two acute-phase proteins in cancer and inflammation

SIGLEAvailable from British Library Document Supply Centre-DSC:DXN006727 / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply CentreGBUnited Kingdo