Um sistema nervoso conceitual para o diagnóstico neuropsicológico

Although tests are an important aspect of the neuropsychological practice, neuropsychology is not limited to nomothetically validated tests. The objective of this paper is to examine, from the perspective of a “conceptual nervous system”, meta-diagnostic aspects of neuropsychology, which go beyond testing. The nomothetic approach to diagnosis is compared to an idiographic one, in which diagnosis is conceived as hypothesis testing according to information processing models. The construction and use of these models is plausible due to the modular organization of the mental system, evidenced by double-dissociations. In this study, the diagnostic process in neuropsychology is examined, particularly the functional and topographic diagnoses. In most cases, the topographic diagnosis is only virtual, and uses the conceptual nervous system to correlate the observed functional deficit to lesional loci established in the literature. The models of information processing must be anatomically specified, since they will be used to establish structural-functional correlations. The human brain-mind can be seen as a computational system, in which cognition is located between perception (input) and action (output). Mental functions are divided into material (content possessing) and formal (organizers of mental processes). Brain lesions with different causes and locations disrupt these mental functions in different ways. The traditional nomothetic model of neuropsychological diagnosis must be complemented by an idiographic approach, testing hypotheses based on a model of structure-function correlation that is adequate to the anatomo-clinical relations observed in the different lesions. Key words: neuropsychology, structural-functional correlation, cognition.Apesar de a aplicação de testes, a partir de uma perspectiva nomotético- nomológica, constituir um aspecto importante da prática neuropsicológica, a neuropsicologia não se resume a esse procedimento. O objetivo deste trabalho é examinar, sob a perspectiva de um “sistema nervoso conceitual”, aspectos metadiagnósticos da neuropsicologia, cujos efeitos ultrapassam o uso de testes normatizados. Ao enfoque nomotético é contraposta a perspectiva idiográfica, na qual o diagnóstico é concebido como teste de hipóteses a partir de modelos de processamento de informação. A construção e o uso desses modelos é plausível devido à organização modular do sistema mental, evidenciada pelas duplas-dissociações. Neste trabalho, são analisados os processos de diagnóstico em neuropsicologia, principalmente o funcional e o topográfico. Na maioria das vezes, o diagnóstico de localização é virtual, e utiliza o sistema nervoso conceitual para relacionar o déficit funcional observado às localizações lesionais estabelecidas na literatura. Os modelos funcionais de processamento de informação devem ser anatomicamente especificados, para que possam ser usados como base para a correlação estrutura-função. O cérebro-mente humano pode ser visto como um sistema computacional; neste, a cognição se localiza entre a percepção (input) e a ação (output). As funções mentais são classificadas como materiais (com conteúdo) e formais (organização dos processos mentais). Lesões encefálicas com diferentes causas e localizações alteram essas funções de formas distintas. O modelo nomotético tradicional de diagnóstico neuropsicológico deve ser complementado por uma abordagem idiográfica, mediante a testagem das hipóteses baseadas num modelo de correlação estrutura-função que seja fiel às relações anátomo-clínicas observadas em diferentes lesões. Palavras-chave: neuropsicologia, correlação estrutura-função, cognição

A list of land plants of Parque Nacional do Caparaó, Brazil, highlights the presence of sampling gaps within this protected area

Brazilian protected areas are essential for plant conservation in the Atlantic Forest domain, one of the 36 global biodiversity hotspots. A major challenge for improving conservation actions is to know the plant richness, protected by these areas. Online databases offer an accessible way to build plant species lists and to provide relevant information about biodiversity. A list of land plants of “Parque Nacional do Caparaó” (PNC) was previously built using online databases and published on the website "Catálogo de Plantas das Unidades de Conservação do Brasil." Here, we provide and discuss additional information about plant species richness, endemism and conservation in the PNC that could not be included in the List. We documented 1,791 species of land plants as occurring in PNC, of which 63 are cited as threatened (CR, EN or VU) by the Brazilian National Red List, seven as data deficient (DD) and five as priorities for conservation. Fifity-one species were possible new ocurrences for ES and MG states

ATLANTIC EPIPHYTES: a data set of vascular and non-vascular epiphyte plants and lichens from the Atlantic Forest

Epiphytes are hyper-diverse and one of the frequently undervalued life forms in plant surveys and biodiversity inventories. Epiphytes of the Atlantic Forest, one of the most endangered ecosystems in the world, have high endemism and radiated recently in the Pliocene. We aimed to (1) compile an extensive Atlantic Forest data set on vascular, non-vascular plants (including hemiepiphytes), and lichen epiphyte species occurrence and abundance; (2) describe the epiphyte distribution in the Atlantic Forest, in order to indicate future sampling efforts. Our work presents the first epiphyte data set with information on abundance and occurrence of epiphyte phorophyte species. All data compiled here come from three main sources provided by the authors: published sources (comprising peer-reviewed articles, books, and theses), unpublished data, and herbarium data. We compiled a data set composed of 2,095 species, from 89,270 holo/hemiepiphyte records, in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay, recorded from 1824 to early 2018. Most of the records were from qualitative data (occurrence only, 88%), well distributed throughout the Atlantic Forest. For quantitative records, the most common sampling method was individual trees (71%), followed by plot sampling (19%), and transect sampling (10%). Angiosperms (81%) were the most frequently registered group, and Bromeliaceae and Orchidaceae were the families with the greatest number of records (27,272 and 21,945, respectively). Ferns and Lycophytes presented fewer records than Angiosperms, and Polypodiaceae were the most recorded family, and more concentrated in the Southern and Southeastern regions. Data on non-vascular plants and lichens were scarce, with a few disjunct records concentrated in the Northeastern region of the Atlantic Forest. For all non-vascular plant records, Lejeuneaceae, a family of liverworts, was the most recorded family. We hope that our effort to organize scattered epiphyte data help advance the knowledge of epiphyte ecology, as well as our understanding of macroecological and biogeographical patterns in the Atlantic Forest. No copyright restrictions are associated with the data set. Please cite this Ecology Data Paper if the data are used in publication and teaching events. © 2019 The Authors. Ecology © 2019 The Ecological Society of Americ

Brazilian Flora 2020: Leveraging the power of a collaborative scientific network

International audienceThe shortage of reliable primary taxonomic data limits the description of biological taxa and the understanding of biodiversity patterns and processes, complicating biogeographical, ecological, and evolutionary studies. This deficit creates a significant taxonomic impediment to biodiversity research and conservation planning. The taxonomic impediment and the biodiversity crisis are widely recognized, highlighting the urgent need for reliable taxonomic data. Over the past decade, numerous countries worldwide have devoted considerable effort to Target 1 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC), which called for the preparation of a working list of all known plant species by 2010 and an online world Flora by 2020. Brazil is a megadiverse country, home to more of the world's known plant species than any other country. Despite that, Flora Brasiliensis, concluded in 1906, was the last comprehensive treatment of the Brazilian flora. The lack of accurate estimates of the number of species of algae, fungi, and plants occurring in Brazil contributes to the prevailing taxonomic impediment and delays progress towards the GSPC targets. Over the past 12 years, a legion of taxonomists motivated to meet Target 1 of the GSPC, worked together to gather and integrate knowledge on the algal, plant, and fungal diversity of Brazil. Overall, a team of about 980 taxonomists joined efforts in a highly collaborative project that used cybertaxonomy to prepare an updated Flora of Brazil, showing the power of scientific collaboration to reach ambitious goals. This paper presents an overview of the Brazilian Flora 2020 and provides taxonomic and spatial updates on the algae, fungi, and plants found in one of the world's most biodiverse countries. We further identify collection gaps and summarize future goals that extend beyond 2020. Our results show that Brazil is home to 46,975 native species of algae, fungi, and plants, of which 19,669 are endemic to the country. The data compiled to date suggests that the Atlantic Rainforest might be the most diverse Brazilian domain for all plant groups except gymnosperms, which are most diverse in the Amazon. However, scientific knowledge of Brazilian diversity is still unequally distributed, with the Atlantic Rainforest and the Cerrado being the most intensively sampled and studied biomes in the country. In times of “scientific reductionism”, with botanical and mycological sciences suffering pervasive depreciation in recent decades, the first online Flora of Brazil 2020 significantly enhanced the quality and quantity of taxonomic data available for algae, fungi, and plants from Brazil. This project also made all the information freely available online, providing a firm foundation for future research and for the management, conservation, and sustainable use of the Brazilian funga and flora