“Determinación del tratamiento y la calidad de agua utilizando macroinvertebrados acuáticos como bioindicadores”

La calidad de agua se puede verificar mediante macro invertebrados acuáticos una técnica novedosa y de menos recursos económicos para conocer los índices de contaminación en las aguas los cuales según el orden, la familia, y el género al que pertenecen tienen cierta tolerancia a las condiciones del agua por lo tanto sirven como bioindicadores de calidad, por otra parte el estudio de estos macro invertebrados no solo radica en registrar el número de especies también es importante el registro de parámetros como pH, turbiedad, conductividad, temperatura, oxígeno disuelto, sólidos disueltos entre otros parámetros que en conjunto son una herramienta valiosa que contribuye a la investigación actual siendo guía para el entendimiento del tipo de calidad de agua según los macro invertebrados que habiten y posteriormente un apoyo para el tratamiento que se debe realizar según el índice de calidad de agua (IQA) ya sea muy buena, buena, regular, mala , muy mala en los hallazgos de aguas con altos niveles de turbiedad, sólidos disueltos totales (SDT) y altas concentraciones de oxigeno estuvieron presentes los organismos acuáticos que pertenecen a la familia Tubificidae y Glossiphoniidae lo que los ubica como una familia indicadora de aguas de mala calidad ya que habitan en recursos hídricos con altos índices de contaminación, existiendo congruencia entre las enfermedades causantes en el ser humano al tener contacto con estas aguas como dermatitis o infecciones. De acuerdo a los artículos estudiados, se logró determinar que mediante indicadores biológicos se pueden registrar contaminaciones que se dan a través del tiempo ya que vive la mayor parte de su vida en el agua.Universidad Libre Seccional Socorro - Facultad de Ingenierías y Ciencias AgropecuariasThe water quality can be verified by means of aquatic macro invertebrates, a new technique that requires less economic resources to examine the pollution indexes in the waters in accordance to the order, the family, and the gender to which they belong also showing certain tolerance to the conditions of the water. Water therefore serve as quality bioindicator, on the other hand the study of these macro invertebrates not only lies in recording the number of species but also important in recording parameters such as pH, turbidity, conductivity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, dissolved solids between other parameters that together are valuable tools that contributes to the current research being a guide to the understanding of the type of water quality according to the macro invertebrates that inhabit and later a support for the treatment that must be carried out according to the water quality index (IQA) either very good, good, fair, bad, or very bad, in the findings of waters with high levels of turbidity, total dissolved solids (TDS) and high concentrations of oxygen were present aquatic organisms belonging to the family Tubificidae and Glossiphoniidae which places them as a family indicator of water of poor quality as they inhabit Water resources with high levels of contamination, there being congruencebetween the diseases that cause human beings to have contact with these waters such as dermatitis or infections. According to the articles studied, it was possible to determine that by means of biological indicators, contaminations that occur over time can be registered due to the fact that they live most of their lives in the wate

Determinación del desperdicio en el consumo energético de la hacienda majavita

For the Universidad Libre Sectional Socorro it is very important to quantify energy waste taking extra economic costs incurred for the institution. By identifying the habits and elements that generate electrical waste, it can design a savings plan to reduce consumption, taking as shown in the sectional Hacienda Majavita. The aim of the project was to determine the efficiency in energy consumption in Hacienda Majavita of the Universidad Libre Sectional Socorro, taking into account the historical monthly consumption from 2010 to 2015. The methodology used was quantitative with descriptive type and scope; measuring the amount of electricity consumed by the Hacienda Majavita and the cost involved. Among the most significant results it found that within the historical consumption of Hacienda Majavita no uniform consumption of the three counters studied trend, months minimum consumption and maximum were evaluated independently by each counter, being march 2011, november 2012 and december 2012, were those in which greater consumption presented. In conclusion, it was determined that the electricity consumption in the Hacienda has a 32.5% waste, stressing that so far the investigation had no room M12 projected for that place teams, however taken into account in consumption theoretical.Para la Universidad Libre Seccional Socorro es de gran importancia cuantificar el desperdicio de energía tomando los gastos económicos extra generados para la Institución. Al identificar los hábitos y elementos que generan derroche eléctrico, se puede diseñar un plan de ahorro. El objetivo de investigación se formuló para determinar la eficiencia en el consumo energético de la hacienda Majavita de la Universidad Libre Seccional Socorro, teniendo en cuenta el consumo histórico mensual desde el año 2010 a 2015. La metodología utilizada fue de tipo cuantitativa y con un alcance descriptivo; midiendo la cantidad de electricidad consumida por la Hacienda Majavita y el costo que esto implica. Entre los resultados más significativos se encontró que dentro del consumo histórico no hay una tendencia uniforme en el consumo de los tres contadores estudiados, los meses de consumo mínimo y máximo se evaluaron de manera independiente por cada contador siendo los marzo de 2011, noviembre de 2012 y diciembre de 2012 aquellos en los que se presentaron los mayores consumos. En conclusión, se determinó que el consumo eléctrico en la hacienda tiene un 32,5% de desperdicio, recalcando que hasta el momento de la investigación el salón M12 no contaba con los equipos proyectados para dicho lugar, sin embargo, se tuvieron en cuenta en el consumo teórico

Energy Estimation of Cosmic Rays with the Engineering Radio Array of the Pierre Auger Observatory

The Auger Engineering Radio Array (AERA) is part of the Pierre Auger Observatory and is used to detect the radio emission of cosmic-ray air showers. These observations are compared to the data of the surface detector stations of the Observatory, which provide well-calibrated information on the cosmic-ray energies and arrival directions. The response of the radio stations in the 30 to 80 MHz regime has been thoroughly calibrated to enable the reconstruction of the incoming electric field. For the latter, the energy deposit per area is determined from the radio pulses at each observer position and is interpolated using a two-dimensional function that takes into account signal asymmetries due to interference between the geomagnetic and charge-excess emission components. The spatial integral over the signal distribution gives a direct measurement of the energy transferred from the primary cosmic ray into radio emission in the AERA frequency range. We measure 15.8 MeV of radiation energy for a 1 EeV air shower arriving perpendicularly to the geomagnetic field. This radiation energy -- corrected for geometrical effects -- is used as a cosmic-ray energy estimator. Performing an absolute energy calibration against the surface-detector information, we observe that this radio-energy estimator scales quadratically with the cosmic-ray energy as expected for coherent emission. We find an energy resolution of the radio reconstruction of 22% for the data set and 17% for a high-quality subset containing only events with at least five radio stations with signal.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO

Measurement of the Radiation Energy in the Radio Signal of Extensive Air Showers as a Universal Estimator of Cosmic-Ray Energy

We measure the energy emitted by extensive air showers in the form of radio emission in the frequency range from 30 to 80 MHz. Exploiting the accurate energy scale of the Pierre Auger Observatory, we obtain a radiation energy of 15.8 \pm 0.7 (stat) \pm 6.7 (sys) MeV for cosmic rays with an energy of 1 EeV arriving perpendicularly to a geomagnetic field of 0.24 G, scaling quadratically with the cosmic-ray energy. A comparison with predictions from state-of-the-art first-principle calculations shows agreement with our measurement. The radiation energy provides direct access to the calorimetric energy in the electromagnetic cascade of extensive air showers. Comparison with our result thus allows the direct calibration of any cosmic-ray radio detector against the well-established energy scale of the Pierre Auger Observatory.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DOI. Supplemental material in the ancillary file

Measurement of the cosmic ray spectrum above 4×10184{\times}10^{18} eV using inclined events detected with the Pierre Auger Observatory

A measurement of the cosmic-ray spectrum for energies exceeding $4{\times}10^{18}$ eV is presented, which is based on the analysis of showers with zenith angles greater than $60^{\circ}$ detected with the Pierre Auger Observatory between 1 January 2004 and 31 December 2013. The measured spectrum confirms a flux suppression at the highest energies. Above $5.3{\times}10^{18}$ eV, the "ankle", the flux can be described by a power law $E^{-\gamma}$ with index $\gamma=2.70 \pm 0.02 \,\text{(stat)} \pm 0.1\,\text{(sys)}$ followed by a smooth suppression region. For the energy ($E_\text{s}$) at which the spectral flux has fallen to one-half of its extrapolated value in the absence of suppression, we find $E_\text{s}=(5.12\pm0.25\,\text{(stat)}^{+1.0}_{-1.2}\,\text{(sys)}){\times}10^{19}$ eV.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO

Prevalence, associated factors and outcomes of pressure injuries in adult intensive care unit patients: the DecubICUs study

Funder: European Society of Intensive Care Medicine; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100013347Funder: Flemish Society for Critical Care NursesAbstract: Purpose: Intensive care unit (ICU) patients are particularly susceptible to developing pressure injuries. Epidemiologic data is however unavailable. We aimed to provide an international picture of the extent of pressure injuries and factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries in adult ICU patients. Methods: International 1-day point-prevalence study; follow-up for outcome assessment until hospital discharge (maximum 12 weeks). Factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injury and hospital mortality were assessed by generalised linear mixed-effects regression analysis. Results: Data from 13,254 patients in 1117 ICUs (90 countries) revealed 6747 pressure injuries; 3997 (59.2%) were ICU-acquired. Overall prevalence was 26.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] 25.9–27.3). ICU-acquired prevalence was 16.2% (95% CI 15.6–16.8). Sacrum (37%) and heels (19.5%) were most affected. Factors independently associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries were older age, male sex, being underweight, emergency surgery, higher Simplified Acute Physiology Score II, Braden score 3 days, comorbidities (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, immunodeficiency), organ support (renal replacement, mechanical ventilation on ICU admission), and being in a low or lower-middle income-economy. Gradually increasing associations with mortality were identified for increasing severity of pressure injury: stage I (odds ratio [OR] 1.5; 95% CI 1.2–1.8), stage II (OR 1.6; 95% CI 1.4–1.9), and stage III or worse (OR 2.8; 95% CI 2.3–3.3). Conclusion: Pressure injuries are common in adult ICU patients. ICU-acquired pressure injuries are associated with mainly intrinsic factors and mortality. Optimal care standards, increased awareness, appropriate resource allocation, and further research into optimal prevention are pivotal to tackle this important patient safety threat

Correction to: Prevalence, associated factors and outcomes of pressure injuries in adult intensive care unit patients: the DecubICUs study

The original version of this article unfortunately contained a mistake

Prevalence, associated factors and outcomes of pressure injuries in adult intensive care unit patients: the DecubICUs study

Funder: European Society of Intensive Care Medicine; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100013347Funder: Flemish Society for Critical Care NursesAbstract: Purpose: Intensive care unit (ICU) patients are particularly susceptible to developing pressure injuries. Epidemiologic data is however unavailable. We aimed to provide an international picture of the extent of pressure injuries and factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries in adult ICU patients. Methods: International 1-day point-prevalence study; follow-up for outcome assessment until hospital discharge (maximum 12 weeks). Factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injury and hospital mortality were assessed by generalised linear mixed-effects regression analysis. Results: Data from 13,254 patients in 1117 ICUs (90 countries) revealed 6747 pressure injuries; 3997 (59.2%) were ICU-acquired. Overall prevalence was 26.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] 25.9–27.3). ICU-acquired prevalence was 16.2% (95% CI 15.6–16.8). Sacrum (37%) and heels (19.5%) were most affected. Factors independently associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries were older age, male sex, being underweight, emergency surgery, higher Simplified Acute Physiology Score II, Braden score 3 days, comorbidities (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, immunodeficiency), organ support (renal replacement, mechanical ventilation on ICU admission), and being in a low or lower-middle income-economy. Gradually increasing associations with mortality were identified for increasing severity of pressure injury: stage I (odds ratio [OR] 1.5; 95% CI 1.2–1.8), stage II (OR 1.6; 95% CI 1.4–1.9), and stage III or worse (OR 2.8; 95% CI 2.3–3.3). Conclusion: Pressure injuries are common in adult ICU patients. ICU-acquired pressure injuries are associated with mainly intrinsic factors and mortality. Optimal care standards, increased awareness, appropriate resource allocation, and further research into optimal prevention are pivotal to tackle this important patient safety threat