Pratiques agricoles et perceptions paysannes des impacts environnementaux de la cotonculture dans la province de la KOMPIENGA (Burkina Faso)

La dégradation des écosystèmes et d’une manière générale de l’environnement au Burkina Faso est liée aux facteurs anthropiques, notamment les activités agricoles. L’objectif de cette étude est de mettre en exergue les pratiques agricoles, les perceptions paysannes des impacts environnementaux et les risques de dégradation des ressources naturelles dans la zone cotonnière de l’Est (Province de la Kompienga). Par le biais (i) d’une enquête auprès d’un échantillon de 60 Unités de Production Cotonnière (UPC), (ii) des interviews semi structurées avec des maraîchers (12), des apiculteurs (15), des pêcheurs (29), des éleveurs (54) et des membres de comités villageois de gestion des forêts (23), (iii) et des investigations sur les pratiques agricoles, l’étude a été conduite. Les résultats ont révélé une pression foncière dans la zone avec pour corollaire un abandon des techniques de conservation et de restauration des sols. L’usage des fertilisants organiques est peu répandu. L’étude a révélé que 8 types de rotations culturales sont pratiquées dans la zone. Le type de rotation culturale coton-céréales-coton est pratiqué par 63% des cotonculteurs. Les perceptions paysannes sur la dégradation des ressources végétales, les risques encourus par l’écologie apicole ainsi que des effets négatifs des fertilisants chimiques sur l’eau et les sols sont diversement appréciés. Face à cette situation, il est urgent pour les producteurs de coton d’utiliser les engrais organiques et d’adopter des techniques de conservation et de restauration des sols pour préserver l’exploitation durable des ressources naturelles de la zone.Mots-clés : Culture de coton; Pratiques agricoles; Pression foncière; Risque de dégradation de l’environnement; Burkina Faso

Pratiques Agroforestières Et Facteurs Déterminant Leur Adoption Dans La Commune Rurale De Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso

Cette étude visait à faire l’état des lieux des pratiques agroforestières et à analyser les facteurs clés de leurs adoptions afin d'obtenir plus de clarté sur l'agroforesterie dans la commune de Bobo-Dioulasso en vue de promouvoir de bonnes pratiques agroforestières. Pour atteindre cet objectif, des entretiens individuels sur la base d’un questionnaire semi-structuré ont été conduits auprès de 385 producteurs, chefs de ménages, choisis de manière aléatoire dans cinq villages de la commune. Sur l'échantillon de 385 producteurs enquêtés, 85,05% ont affirmé une tendance à la hausse de l'agroforesterie au cours des 40 dernières années. Les résultats ont montré que les facteurs sociaux, économiques et environnementaux tels que l'ombrage, la phytothérapie, la diversification des ressources financières et alimentaires, le contrôle de l'érosion et la fertilisation des sols sont des sources majeures de motivation pour l'adoption de pratiques agroforestières. Cependant, il existe de nombreux défis tels que la finance, la technologie, la politique, l'accès à l'eau, la mécanique et la sécurité. Pour les producteurs, ces enjeux doivent pousser les gouvernements et leurs partenaires financiers à repenser leur approche de l'agroforesterie pour assurer un soutien durable, notamment en matière de formation, de subventions de microcrédits, de conseils aux producteurs et d'accompagnement technique. La création et la promotion de bonnes pratiques agroforestières à travers des projets gouvernementaux, le renforcement des capacités des organisations paysannes et la disponibilité des ressources en eau dans les zones agricoles sont essentiels à la réussite des projet agroforestiers. Cela permettra non seulement de stopper la déforestation dans les zones agricoles, mais aussi de favoriser l'émergence d'innovations agricoles dans le monde rural de manière respectueuse et durable. 

Déterminants De La Fertilisation Dans Les Systèmes De Riziculture Pluviale Stricte Dans Les Zones Nord Et Sud Soudaniennes Du Burkina Faso

Knowledge, attitudes and the practices of farmers influence greatly rice productivity. The goal of this study is to identify the determiners of the number of organic manure and chemical fertilizers (NPK, Urea) in rice production. This study has been conducted as a survey and the sample includes 293 peasants from 14 villages in the East, Hauts bassins and Plateau Central regions of Burkina Faso. The logistic regression method was used to characterize the determinants of the value of organic manure, NPK and urea in rice farming. The results indicate that they were 40 years old in average and 37% of them women. Half of them use line pits sowing system with a spacing of 25-30 cm. The quantity of fertilizers per hectare is less elevated with an average of 398,44 kg for organic manure, 90,88 kg for NPK and 56,36 kg for Urea. Upland rice is produced without using Burkina Phosphorus and poultry manure. We consider that age, the size and the number of active workers are the determiners of the value of organic manure, NPK and Urea input in upland rice production in the regions of plateau central, east and hauts bassins. With very expensive chemical fertilizers today, the contribution of the study would be the testing in agronomy of the relevance of endogenous solutions in the broad scale definition of new practices in rainy season rice production. Les connaissances, les attitudes et les pratiques des agriculteurs influencent insidieusement le niveau de production rizicole. L’objectif de la présente étude est de connaître les facteurs déterminants du nombre d’apports de fumure organique, d’engrais NPK et d’urée en riziculture. Une enquête a été conduite et a concerné un échantillon de 293 riziculteurs répartis dans 14 villages, dans les régions de l’Est, des Hauts Bassins et du Plateau Central du Burkina Faso. La population enquêtée avait une moyenne d’âge de 40 ans et 37% de l’échantillon sont de sexe féminin. La méthode de la régression logistique a été utilisée pour caractériser les déterminants de la fertilisation en riziculture. Les résultats de l’étude indiquent que la moyenne d’âge est de 40 ans et 37% de l’échantillon sont de sexe féminin. La moitié des riziculteurs enquêtés pratique les semis en lignes dans des poquets, avec un écartement de 25*30 cm. Les quantités d’engrais par hectare sont faibles et sont de 398,44 kg pour la fumure organique, de 90,88 kg pour l’engrais NPK et de 56,36 kg pour l’engrais urée. Le riz pluvial strict est cultivé sans apport de Burkina Phosphate et de fumier de volaille. On note que l’âge du producteur, la superficie des parcelles et le nombre d’actifs agricoles sont les facteurs qui influencent le nombre d’apports de fumure organique, d’engrais NPK et d’Urée en riziculture pluviale stricte dans les zones d’étude. Dans le contexte de coût élevé des engrais minéraux, des solutions endogènes pourraient être testées dans le cadre plus large de la définition de nouvelles pratiques de fertilisation de riz pluvial strict

Molecular epidemiology of tuberculosis in Sicily, Italy: what has changed after a decade?

Background We aimed to investigate the molecular epidemiology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) isolates in the province of Palermo, Sicily, Italy, by characterizing 183 isolates identified in the years 2004-2012. A comparison with 104 MTBC strains identified in the same geographic area in the years 1994-2000 was also carried out.Methods One hundred eighty-three MTBC isolates identified in Palermo, Italy, in the years 2004-2012 were analyzed by spoligotyping and the 24 mycobacterial interspersed repetitive unit (MIRU)-variable-number tandem-repeat (VNTR) method typing. Susceptibility testing to streptomycin, isoniazid, rifampin and ethambutol was also performed. Furthermore, the spoligotyping dataset obtained from 104 MTBC isolates identified from 1994 to 2000 was reanalyzed. Distribution into lineages and clustering of isolates in the two periods was compared.Results One hundred seventy-seven out of the 183 isolates of MTBC submitted to molecular typing were fully characterized. Of these, 108 were from Italian-born and 69 from foreign-born individuals. Eleven different lineages and 35 families-subfamilies were identified with the most represented lineages being Haarlem (26.5%), T (19.2%), LAM (13.6%) and S (8.5%). Except for the Haarlem lineage, where isolates from foreign-born patients were overrepresented, the distribution of isolates in the families belonging to the Euro-American clone reflected the proportions of the two subpopulations. A total of 27 (15.2%) strains were clustered and three clusters were mixed. Approximately 25% of the 183 MTBC isolates under study proved to be resistant to at least one antiTB drug, with only three isolates categorized as multidrug resistant (MDR). When MTBC isolates identified in the years 1994\ubf2000 were reanalyzed, lineages T (30.8%), LAM (29.8%), Haarlem (16.3%) and S (13.5%) proved to be predominant. No MTBC isolates belonging to CAM, U, CAS, Turkish and Ural lineages were identified.Conclusions A wide heterogeneity was detected among the MTBC strains isolated in the years 2004\ubf2012. Six lineages were not present among the isolates of the period 1994\ubf2000. Comparison between distribution of lineages in the two consecutive periods depicts rapid and deep changes in the TB epidemiology in Palermo, Italy. An universal and continued laboratory-based surveillance of TB in Sicily is required

Impact of pre-analytical factors on mycobacterium cultures contaminations rates in Burkina Faso, West Africa

Introduction: for a high quality level diagnosis, mycobacterium culture must comply with the pre-analytical and analytical conditions recommended by the WHO and the country National Tuberculosis Program (NTP). In this study, we determined whether temperature and duration of sputum storage were associated with culture contamination in Burkina Faso. Methods: sputa were collected in 5 districts labs in Burkina Faso. Temperature and duration of sputum storage were recorded. After the collection, sputa were decontaminated using Petroff modified method, and the pellet was inoculated on LJ media and LJ media supply with 2% sodium pyruvate. Risk of culture contamination associated with temperature and duration of sputum storage was measured by Chi2 test and logistic regression. Results: out of 404 specimens, 61% (246/404) were stored between 2 and 8°C, and 15% (61/404) were processed within three days. The global contamination rate was 24%, with only 8% for samples respecting WHO recommendations, up to 35% for others. Storage at room temperature was associated with a significantly higher risk of contamination compared to storage at 2-8°C (OR 2.24, p=0.001, IC 95%). Conclusion: the recommendations about the temperature and the duration of sputum storage before cultures are not completely respected. This leads to high contamination rate of mycobacterium culture. It will be necessary to take logistics measures in peripherals health services or to develop more selective medium for mycobacterium culture in low income countries

Why oral antiseptic mouth rinsing before sputum collection cannot reduce contamination rate of mycobacterial culture in Burkina-Faso

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) diagnosis by culture in most resource-limited settings is hampered by high contamination rate varying up to 31%. Reduction of oral microorganism loads by mouth rinse with antiseptic before sputum collection showed a reduction of contamination. Moreover, knowing the characteristic of residual contaminant microorganisms would be an asset to understand contamination issues. Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of mouth rinsing with chlorhexidine on mycobacteria culture contaminations and to characterize morphologically the residual contaminants. Methods: We consecutively included 158 patients in a TB center. Each of them supplied two sputa: The first before mouth rinse, and the second after 60sec of mouth rinsing with chlorhexidine (0.1%). Petroff method and Lowenstein-Jensen media were used for sputum decontamination and inoculation respectively. The contamination rates were compared, and the type of residual contaminants were characterized and compared. Results: The contamination rate did not differ before and after the mouth rinse (respectively 58/150 (39 %) vs 61/150 (41 %), p=0.7). The major residual contaminants were Gram positive spore forming bacteria (94%). Conclusion: Chlorhexidine mouth rinsing before sputum collection did not reduce mycobacterial culture contamination rate. This is probably due to spore forming bacteria, highlighted as major residual contaminants. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v19i1.3 Cite as: Kabore A, Tranchot-Diallo J, Sanou A, Hien H, Daneau G, Gomgnimbou MK, Meda N, Sangar\ue9 L. Why Oral antiseptic mouth rinsing before sputum collection cannot reduce contamination rate of mycobacterial culture in Burkina-Faso. Afri Health Sci. 2019;19(1): 1321-1328. https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v19i1.

Strain Classification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Isolates in Brazil Based on Genotypes Obtained by Spoligotyping, Mycobacterial Interspersed Repetitive Unit Typing and the Presence of Large Sequence and Single Nucleotide Polymorphism

International audienceRio de Janeiro is endemic for tuberculosis (TB) and presents the second largest prevalence of the disease in Brazil. Here, we present the bacterial population structure of 218 isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, derived from 186 patients that were diagnosed between January 2008 and December 2009. Genotypes were generated by means of spoligotyping, 24 MIRU-VNTR typing and presence of fbpC103, RDRio and RD174. The results confirmed earlier data that predominant genotypes in Rio de Janeiro are those of the Euro American Lineages (99%). However, we observed differences between the classification by spoligotyping when comparing to that of 24 MIRU-VNTR typing, being respectively 43.6% vs. 62.4% of LAM, 34.9% vs. 9.6% of T and 18.3% vs. 21.5% of Haarlem. Among isolates classified as LAM by MIRU typing, 28.0% did not present the characteristic spoligotype profile with absence of spacers 21 to 24 and 32 to 36 and we designated these conveniently as "LAM-like", 79.3% of these presenting the LAM-specific SNP fbpC103. The frequency of RDRio and RD174 in the LAM strains, as defined both by spoligotyping and 24 MIRU-VNTR loci, were respectively 11% and 15.4%, demonstrating that RD174 is not always a marker for LAM/RDRio strains. We conclude that, although spoligotyping alone is a tool for classification of strains of the Euro-American lineage, when combined with MIRU-VNTRs, SNPs and RD typing, it leads to a much better understanding of the bacterial population structure and phylogenetic relationships among strains of M. tuberculosis in regions with high incidence of TB

A Molecular Epidemiological and Genetic Diversity Study of Tuberculosis in Ibadan, Nnewi and Abuja, Nigeria

Background Nigeria has the tenth highest burden of tuberculosis (TB) among the 22 TB high-burden countries in the world. This study describes the biodiversity and epidemiology of drug-susceptible and drug-resistant TB in Ibadan, Nnewi and Abuja, using 409 DNAs extracted from culture positive TB isolates. Methodology/Principal Findings DNAs extracted from clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex were studied by spoligotyping and 24 VNTR typing. The Cameroon clade (CAM) was predominant followed by the M. africanum (West African 1) and T (mainly T2) clades. By using a smooth definition of clusters, 32 likely epi-linked clusters related to the Cameroon genotype family and 15 likely epi-linked clusters related to other “modern” genotypes were detected. Eight clusters concerned M. africanum West African 1. The recent transmission rate of TB was 38%. This large study shows that the recent transmission of TB in Nigeria is high, without major regional differences, with MDR-TB clusters. Improvement in the TB control programme is imperative to address the TB control problem in Nigeria

Microbead-based spoligotyping of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from Ziehl-Neelsen-stained microscopy preparations in Ethiopia

The worldwide dissemination of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains has led to the study of their genetic diversity. One of the most used genotyping methods is spoligotyping, based on the detection of spacers in the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) locus. This study assessed the performance of a microbead-based spoligotyping assay using samples extracted from Ziehl-Neelsen-stained smear-microscopy preparations and described the genetic diversity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis among new TB patients in Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples’ Region (SNNPR) in Ethiopia. Among the 91 samples analysed, 59 (64.8%) generated spoligotyping patterns. Fifty (84.7%) samples were classified into 12 clusters (mostly Lineage 4 or 3) comprising 2–11 samples and nine had unique spoligotyping patterns. Among the 59 spoligotyping patterns, 25 belonged to the T1 sublineage, 11 to the T3-ETH, 5 to the URAL, 4 to the H3 and 14 to other L4 sublineages. There was a remarkable variation in genetic distribution in SNNPR compared to other regions of the country. Microbead-based spoligotyping is an easy-to-perform, high-throughput assay that can generate genotyping information using material obtained from smear microscopy preparations. The method provides an opportunity to obtain data of the M. tuberculosis genetic epidemiology in settings with limited laboratory resources