Wave Conversion, Decay and Heating in a Partially Ionized Two-Fluid Magneto-Atmosphere

A ray-theoretic phase space description of linear waves in a two-fluid (charges and neutrals) magnetized plasma is used to calculate analytic decay rates and mode transmission and conversion coefficients between fast and slow waves in two dimensions due to finite ion-neutral collision frequencies at arbitrary ionization fraction. This is relevant to partially ionized astrophysical plasmas, in particular solar and stellar atmospheres. The most important parameter governing collisional effects is the ratio of the wave frequency to the neutral-charges collision frequency, $\epsilon=\omega/\nu_{nc}$, with secondary dependence on ionization fraction and wave attack angle. Comparison is made to the one-fluid magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) case, and it is found that acoustic-to-acoustic and magnetic-to-magnetic transmission through the Alfv\'en-acoustic equipartition layer is decreased by a term of $\mathcal{O}(\epsilon^2)$ relative to one-fluid (infinite collision frequency), and correspondingly acoustic-to-magnetic and magnetic-to-acoustic conversion is increased. The neutral acoustic mode is shown to dissipate rapidly as $\nu_{nc}\to\infty$. Away from the mode conversion region, dissipative decay along the remaining magneto-acoustic rays scales as $\mathcal{O}(\epsilon)$ and is found to be much more effective on magnetically dominated rays compared to acoustically dominated rays. This produces a steep jump in dissipation in mode conversion regions, where the rays change character, and can produce localized heating there and beyond. Applications to the solar chromosphere are discussed.Comment: 23 pages, 8 figures, accepted for publication in Astrophys.

Multiplex Decomposition of Non-Markovian Dynamics and the Hidden Layer Reconstruction Problem

Elements composing complex systems usually interact in several different ways and as such the interaction architecture is well modelled by a multiplex network. However often this architecture is hidden, as one usually only has experimental access to an aggregated projection. A fundamental challenge is thus to determine whether the hidden underlying architecture of complex systems is better modelled as a single interaction layer or results from the aggregation and interplay of multiple layers. Here we show that using local information provided by a random walker navigating the aggregated network one can decide in a robust way if the underlying structure is a multiplex or not and, in the former case, to determine the most probable number of hidden layers. As a byproduct, we show that the mathematical formalism also provides a principled solution for the optimal decomposition and projection of complex, non-Markovian dynamics into a Markov switching combination of diffusive modes. We validate the proposed methodology with numerical simulations of both (i) random walks navigating hidden multiplex networks (thereby reconstructing the true hidden architecture) and (ii) Markovian and non-Markovian continuous stochastic processes (thereby reconstructing an effective multiplex decomposition where each layer accounts for a different diffusive mode). We also state and prove two existence theorems guaranteeing that an exact reconstruction of the dynamics in terms of these hidden jump-Markov models is always possible for arbitrary finite-order Markovian and fully non-Markovian processes. Finally, we showcase the applicability of the method to experimental recordings from (i) the mobility dynamics of human players in an online multiplayer game and (ii) the dynamics of RNA polymerases at the single-molecule level.Comment: 40 pages, 24 figure

La alimentación prehispánica en las tierras bajas de Tucumán (Argentina): una primera aproximación a su análisis

This work presents a characterization of food resources and pre-Hispanic feeding in Tucumán Province lowlands, Argentina. Based on the work of different researchers in this area, the archaeological evidences and contexts of food findings are analyzed, while some aspects related to the ways of obtaining, producing and circulating them at a regional level are discussed. It is observed that there was a very diverse use of food resources, both wild and domesticated, during the 1st and 2nd millennium AD. This makes it possible to distinguish, at a first approach, between those obtained by hunting-gathering and fishing, from those produced by crop harvesting or raising animals. The preparation of meals, based on all these resources, implies that the groups in the area had to practice control mechanisms for them through horticulture practice, hunting and animal breeding, mostly local, in addition to resources obtained through exchange networks, reciprocity and/or direct exploitation of different ecological floors.Este trabajo presenta una caracterización de los recursos alimenticios, al mismo tiempo que aborda la problemática de la alimentación prehispánica de las tierras bajas de la Provincia de Tucumán, Argentina. En base a los trabajos de diferentes investigadores en esta zona, se analizan las evidencias y contextos arqueológicos de hallazgos de alimentos, a la vez que se discuten algunos aspectos vinculados a los modos de obtención, producción y circulación de los mismos en el ámbito regional. Se observa que existió un aprovechamiento muy diverso de recursos, tanto silvestres como domesticados, durante el 1° y 2° milenio d.C. Esto permite distinguir, en una primera aproximación, entre aquellos alimentos obtenidos mediante caza, recolección y pesca, de aquellos producidos mediante el cultivo de plantas o la cría de animales. La preparación de comidas, en base a todos estos recursos, implica que los grupos del área debieron practicar mecanismos de control de los mismos mediante la horticultura, la caza y cría de animales, mayoritariamente locales, en complementación con los recursos obtenidos mediante redes de intercambio, reciprocidad y/o explotación directa de diferentes pisos ecológicos.Fil: Caria, Mario Alejandro. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo. Instituto de Geociencias y Medio Ambiente; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán; ArgentinaFil: Gomez Augier, Julian Patricio. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo. Instituto de Geociencias y Medio Ambiente; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán; ArgentinaFil: Miguez, Gabriel Eduardo. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Instituto Superior de Estudios Sociales. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Instituto Superior de Estudios Sociales; Argentin

Vegetable resources in archaeological sites of the lowlands of Tucumán (Argentine)

Se presenta una caracterización de los recursos vegetales en sitios prehispánicos ubicados en las tierras bajas de la provincia de Tucumán(Argentina). El análisis de los mismos se aborda a partir de los hallazgos registrados tanto en la bibliografía existente para el área como por los trabajos de investigación realizados por nosotros. Se analizan las evidencias y contextos arqueológicos de hallazgos de los recursos vegetales, a la vez que se discuten algunos aspectos vinculados a los modos de obtención, producción y circulación de los mismos en el ámbito regional.This work presents a characterization of plant resources in preHispanic sites located in the lowlands of the province of Tucumán (Argentina). Their analysis is approached from the results recorded both in the existing bibliography for the area and by the research work carried out by us. The archaeological evidences and contexts of discoveries of plant resources are analyzed, while some aspects related to the ways of obtaining, producing and circulating them in the regional scope are discussed.Fil: Caria, Mario Alejandro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo; ArgentinaFil: Gomez Augier, Julian Patricio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo. Instituto de Geociencias y Medio Ambiente; ArgentinaFil: Miguez, Gabriel Eduardo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo. Instituto de Arqueología y Museo; Argentin

Working landscapes need at least 20% native habitat

International agreements aim to conserve 17% of Earth's land area by 2020 but include no area‐based conservation targets within the working landscapes that support human needs through farming, ranching, and forestry. Through a review of country‐level legislation, we found that just 38% of countries have minimum area requirements for conserving native habitats within working landscapes. We argue for increasing native habitats to at least 20% of working landscape area where it is below this minimum. Such target has benefits for food security, nature's contributions to people, and the connectivity and effectiveness of protected area networks in biomes in which protected areas are underrepresented. We also argue for maintaining native habitat at higher levels where it currently exceeds the 20% minimum, and performed a literature review that shows that even more than 50% native habitat restoration is needed in particular landscapes. The post‐2020 Global Biodiversity Framework is an opportune moment to include a minimum habitat restoration target for working landscapes that contributes to, but does not compete with, initiatives for expanding protected areas, the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration (2021–2030) and the UN Sustainable Development Goals

Early leaf removal impact on volatile composition of Tempranillo wines

Early defoliation is a very innovative technique in viticulture used for yield management. The effects of early leaf removal performed manually and mechanically at two different phenological stages, pre-bloom and fruit set, on the volatile composition of Tempranillo (Vitis vinifera L.) wines were studied. Volatiles were identified and quantified by gas chromatography Early leaf removal only modified the total concentrations of C6 compounds and acetates, whereas total alcohols, esters, volatile acids and terpenes remained generally unaffected. Early defoliation induced a significant reduction in C6 compounds and increased the concentrations of acetates in Tempranillo wines. An effect of timing (pre-bloom vs fruit set) alone was observed for all acetates analysed. Regarding the method of defoliation (manual vs mechanical), significant differences in some ethyl ester (ethyl-2-methylbutyrate and ethyl octanoate) and volatile acid concentrations were observed among treatments. Ethyl octanoate, 2-phenylethyl acetate, 3-methylbutyl acetate and hexanoic acid, with OAV (odour activity value) > 1 and mainly fruity and floral odour descriptors, showed higher levels after early defoliation treatments compared with non-defoliated vines. Principal component analysis illustrated the difference in wines from defoliated and non-defoliated treatments based on their volatile composition. It can be concluded that early leaf removal significantly modified the wine aroma compounds, increasing or decreasing several of these compounds.We thank the Agencia de Desarrollo Economico de La Rioja (ADER) and the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion for their financial support (ADER-2006-I-ID-00157 and AGL2007-60378 respectively). We would also like to thank the Agrupacion de Bodegas Centenarias y Tradicionales de Rioja (ABC) and New Holland for their assistance and help. Dr Vilanova is grateful to the 'Isidro Parga Pondal' programme financed by the Xunta de Galicia (Spain)

Correlation between volatile composition and sensory properties in Spanish Albariño wines

To characterize the flavour of Albariño wines, a total of 35 samples representing five geographic areas from Denomination of Origin Rías Baixas were analyzed by sensory descriptive analysis and instrumental analysis (GC-FID). The objective of this work was to study the correlation between instrumental analysis and sensory perception of wine constituents. The results of the investigation were presented by means of multivariate modelling methods such as Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and partial least squares regression (PLSR). Principal Component Analysis showed the distribution of the wines based on chemical and sensory characteristics. The relationships between sensory descriptors and volatile compounds of Albariño wines were studied by Pearson correlation and partial least squares regression (PLSR). The compounds that mostly contributed to the flavour of Albariño wines in instrumental analysis were those related to fruity (ethyl esters and acetates) and floral aromas (monoterpenes). Similar results were found in sensory analysis where the descriptors with the highest Geometric Mean were fruity and floral aromas too (citric, flowers, fruit, ripe fruit, apple and tropical). Therefore, this work demonstrates that some relationships between sensory data and volatile compounds exist to asses sensory properties in Albariño wines.Xunta de Galicia (Spain)

DLG4-related synaptopathy: a new rare brain disorder

PURPOSE: Postsynaptic density protein-95 (PSD-95), encoded by DLG4, regulates excitatory synaptic function in the brain. Here we present the clinical and genetic features of 53 patients (42 previously unpublished) with DLG4 variants.METHODS: The clinical and genetic information were collected through GeneMatcher collaboration. All the individuals were investigated by local clinicians and the gene variants were identified by clinical exome/genome sequencing.RESULTS: The clinical picture was predominated by early onset global developmental delay, intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorder, and attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder, all of which point to a brain disorder. Marfanoid habitus, which was previously suggested to be a characteristic feature of DLG4-related phenotypes, was found in only nine individuals and despite some overlapping features, a distinct facial dysmorphism could not be established. Of the 45 different DLG4 variants, 39 were predicted to lead to loss of protein function and the majority occurred de novo (four with unknown origin). The six missense variants identified were suggested to lead to structural or functional changes by protein modeling studies.CONCLUSION: The present study shows that clinical manifestations associated with DLG4 overlap with those found in other neurodevelopmental disorders of synaptic dysfunction; thus, we designate this group of disorders as DLG4-related synaptopathy.Genetics of disease, diagnosis and treatmen